Lesson 1: An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Question 1

Anatomy

Answer 1

• Structure of the human body
• What is where in the body
• How structures interrelate (the geography of the human body)

Question 2

Dissection

Answer 2

• Cutting the body apart to isolate its components
• Anatomists divide the body into its constituent parts
• Remains an important tool in training clinical practitioners

Question 3

Physiology

Answer 3

• How the body works

- How its structures work together to function in support of the human organism as a whole

Question 4

Anatomy and Physiology

Answer 4

• Concerned with the normative structure and the function of the body
• How bodies function in the absence of disease
• Play crucial roles in our understanding of how the body should look and act to better understand the things that can go wrong with it and how those things might be remediated

Question 5

Disease

Answer 5

• Departure from the “typical” structure and/or function of the body
• Pushing physiological function away from internal stability

Question 6

Pathology

Answer 6

• Scientific study of disease
• Concerns itself with how disease processes result from, or cause, abnormalities in normative body structure and or function

Question 7

Smallest Organizational Level of the Body

Answer 7

• Chemical level

Question 8

Organelles

Answer 8

• Atoms combine to make molecules, and molecules make up organelles
• The “organs” of cells that work together to support the function of those cells

Question 9

Cells

Answer 9

• The smallest and simplest “living” components of the human body

Question 10

Tissues

Answer 10

• Groups of specialized cells
• More than one type of cell can be at play in a tissue
• Grouping of cells performs a specific function

Question 11

Organs

Answer 11

• Consist of a number of kinds of tissues that work collectively to perform one or more specialized function

Question 12

Microscopic Anatomical Features

Answer 12

• We need to use a microscope to see things at the chemical and cellular levels

Question 13

Gross Anatomical Features

Answer 13

• We can most definitely see organs with our naked eyes

Question 14

Systems

Answer 14

• Largest organizational level of the human body, made up of a collection of organs that are organized in such a way that they perform some higher-level function

Question 15

Anatomical Position

Answer 15

• Erect posture
• Face forward
• Palms of the hands face the viewer as do the feet
• Toes turned slightly outward

Question 16

Supine Position

Answer 16

• Body laying down
• Face up
• Palms of the hands facing down

Question 17

Prone Position

Answer 17

• Body laying face down

- Palms of the hands facing up

Question 18

Anatomical Directions

Answer 18

• Superior
• Inferior
• Anterior
• Posterior
• Medial
• Lateral

Question 19

Superior

Answer 19

• Vertically closer to the top of the head in the anatomical position

Question 20

Inferior

Answer 20

• Closer to the bottom of the feet

Question 21

Anterior

Answer 21

• Towards the front of the body

Question 22

Posterior

Answer 22

• Towards the back of the body

Question 23

Dorsal and Ventral Cavity

Answer 23

• Organs of the human body are housed in two major body cavities

Question 24

Dorsal Cavity

Answer 24

• Back of the body (Posterior)

- Subdivided into the Cranial Cavity and the Spinal or Vertebral Cavity

Question 25

Ventral Cavity

Answer 25

• Front of the body (Anterior)

- Subdivided into the Thoracic Cavity and Abdominopelvic Cavity

Question 26

Cranial Cavity

Answer 26

• Houses the brain

Question 27

Spinal or Vertebral Cavity

Answer 27

• Houses the spinal colum

Question 28

Thoracic Cavity

Answer 28

• Is separated from the abdominopelvic cavity by the diaphragm
• Is divided into the left and right pleural cavities and the mediastinum

Question 29

Abdominopelvic Cavity

Answer 29

• Divided into the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity

Question 30

Divisions of the Dorsal Cavity, Thoracic, and Abdominopelvic Cavities

Answer 30

• are not physical divisions; it is an imaginary subdivision

- there is no anatomical feature separating them

Question 31

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

Answer 31

• a division of the abdominopelvic cavity into the right upper quadrant (RUQ), the left upper quadrant (LUQ), the right lower quadrant (RLQ) and the left lower quadrant (LLQ)
• due to its size and complexity, it is helpful to have locational cues to describe where specific organs are located

Question 32

Medial

Answer 32

• toward the midline of the body

Question 33

Lateral

Answer 33

• toward the side of the body or away from the midline of the body

Question 34

Superficial

Answer 34

• Near the surface

Question 35

Deep

Answer 35

• Farther from the surface

Question 36

Proximal

Answer 36

• Toward or nearest the trunk or point of origin

Question 37

Distal

Answer 37

• Away from or farthest from the trunk or point of origin

Question 38

Homeostasis

Answer 38

• the relative constancy of the internal environment

- a range of internal conditions

Question 39

Feedback Loops

Answer 39

• our bodies constantly adjust in order to get back into that comfortable range

Question 40

Negative Feedback Loops

Answer 40

• ones that push the body back toward the desired conditions
• are dominant in day to day life
• maintain internal stability

Question 41

Positive Feedback Loops

Answer 41

• ones that push the body further away from “normal”
• play an important role in specific circumstances
• same direction