Lesson 3 Inductive Reasoning Flashcards
Inductive Reasoning
Inductive reasoning makes a generalization from a number of specific examples. As the above example shows, evidence was presented first, and the conclusion was based on the evidence.
I got sick after eating shrimp.
I got sick after eating oysters.
I got sick after eating crab.
Eating shellfish makes me sick.
Deductive Reasoning
Deductive reasoning works differently. It takes a general principle (major premise) and then applies it to a specific case (minor premise) to form a conclusion:
Eating shellfish makes me sick.
Clams are a type of shellfish.
Clams will make me sick.
Rogerian argument
A type of argument concerned with finding common ground and ultimately reaching a consensus or compromise. Rogerian and is a recommended format for discussing unresolved issues. the Rogerian argument also has three parts: the core argument, the common ground, and the link between the two.
Non-confrontational, collegial, friendly tone
Respects others views and allows for more than one truth
Seeks to achieve common ground, not to fully convince someone
Claim
A statement of an arguable position backed up with evidence.
Toulmin argument
are made of three parts: a claim, grounds (or reasons) to support the claim, and unstated assumptions known as warrants. Breaking down an argument into these basic parts is a great way to test a thesis.
Adversarial tone
Although concessions may be made, arguments mostly are based on refutation.
Opponent is “wrong” and will be overcome by evidence.
Reasons
Also called grounds, the evidence that backs up a claim in a Toulmin argument.
Warrants
An unstated assumption present in a Toulmin argument’s statement of claims and reasons.
unstated assumptions known as warrants.
Classical argument
A type of argument that relies on the presentation of a thesis, use of rhetorical appeals, and refutation of opposing views.
Preconceptions
An idea already held by a writer or reader in advance of making or receiving a textual statement.
implications
What readers can infer from statements a writer makes.
assumptions
A belief that underlies a writer’s proposition or statement.
Critical Thinking
The ability to separate fact from opinion, to ask questions, to reflect on one’s own role in the process of inquiry and discovery, and to pay close attention to detail.
Active reading
The ability to uncover the biases, preconceptions, assumptions, and implications of a text.
bias
A deeply held and ingrained belief that can cloud one’s perspective as a writer or reader.
