Lesson 3- Income Statement Flashcards
Income Statement
“statement of operation”; “statement of earnings”; P&L
presents information on financial results of firm´s business activities over PERIOD
communicates how much REVENUE firm generates and COST incurred when generated those revenues (matching)
Income Statement
Structure
Net Revenue/Net sales - COGS GROSS PROFIT - operating expenses OPERATING INCOME - investing expenses Earnings before taxes (and minoity interest) - financial expenses (taxes) Earnings before minority interest - minority interest in earnings from cont. operatons, net Earnings from cont. operatons
(Loss) Earnings from discontinued operations, net of income taxes
Net Earnings
Income Statement
Operating Income
operating income is essential - especially when one is interested in a firm (how it is doing) - you check how much money is able to make from core business (operations)
Income Statement
Income Definition
it is an INCREASE in eco. benefits during accounting period in the form of:
a) inflows
b) enhancements of assets
b) decrease in liabilities which results in an increase in equity (other than those relating to contribution form equity participant)
IFRS:
- use term to include revenues &gains
a) revenues = arise from course of ordinary activities
b) gains represent other items that meet definition of income, but may/may not arise from orindary activities - but gains arise from secondary peripheral activities rather than from a company´s primary business activities
Income
Revenue Recognition
Revenue can occur independently from cash movements
Accrual accounting principle
–> revenue is recognised WHEN it is EARNED
FASB:
–> revenue is recognised WHEN it is “REALISED, REALISABLE, EARNED”
–> should be recognised when it is highly probable that IT WON´T BE REVERSED
Example:
- sale of goods
- rendering services
- use by others of entities assets yielding interest, royalties, dividends
NOT:
- construction companies
- insurance contracts
- lease agreements
- changes in FV of financial A/L
Revenue Recognition
5 steps recognising Revenue
- indentify contract with customer
- indentify separate o distinct performance obligations in the contract
- determine the transaction price
- allocate transaction price to performance obligations of contract
- recognise revenue when (or as) entity satisfies a `performance obligation
Revenue Recognition
Special Case 1
Long Term Contract
contract that spans number of years
R&E recognition based on:
a) percentage-completion method:
= each year, firm estimates what % of contract is completed and reports % of total contract revenue on income statement
b) completed contract method
= if outcome of contract cannot be measured reliably
a) cost are expensed in period incurred - not profit reported until completion of contract
b) company doesn´t report any revenue until contract is finished
Revenue Recognition
Special Case 2
Instalment Sales
Revenue reported when g/s are delivered (independently if cash payments come through)
but significant doubt of ability of buyer to complete payment
sales in which proceeds are to be paid in installments over an extended period of time. IFRS separates the installments into the sale price, which is the discounted present value of the installment payments, and an interest component.
The revenue which is attributable to the sale price is recognized at the date of sale, and revenue attributable to the interest component is recognized over time.
two methods:
a) instalment method:
portion of total profit recognised in each period = % of total sales price for which seller receives the cash
b) cost recovery method:
seller doesn´t report any profit until cash amounts paid by buyer >seller´s cost of property
Revenue Recognition
Special Case 3
Barter
firm A sells ad. sevices to B and almost simult. buys an identical product from B
Under IFRS, revenue from barter transactions must be measured based on the fair value of revenue derived from similar non-barter transactions with unrelated parties.
US GAAP, on the other hand, states that revenue can be recognized at fair value only if a company has historically received cash payments for such services and can, therefore, use this historical experience as a basis for determining fair value; otherwise, the revenue should be recorded at the carrying amount of the asset surrendered.
Revenue Recognition
Special Case 4
Gross vs Net Reporting
US GAAP provides guidance for determining when revenue should be reported gross versus net. Before revenue is reported on a gross basis, US GAAP states that it should be established that the company (i) is the primary obligor under the contract, (ii) bears credit risk and inventory risk, (iii) can choose its supplier, and (iv) has reasonable latitude to establish prices. If these criteria are not met, the company should report net revenues.
A principal recognises revenue and expenses in gross amounts, whereas an agent recognises only fees or commissions, even if gross cash flows go through the agent
Expense Recognition
IASB:
“decrease in eco. benefit during accounting period in form of
a) ouflows or depletions of assets or
b) incurrence of liabilities that result in a decreases in equity (other than those related to distribution to equity participants)
“matching principle” = “matching cost with revenues”
firms should directly match the expenses with associated revevenues
period costs
= expenses that less directly match timing of revenues
- these are reflected in period when the firm makes the expenditure or incurs the liability to pay
Expenses
Inventory costing method
FIFO (first in first out)
- assumes that earliest items purchase is sold first
LIFO
- assumes most recent items purchased are sold first
Weighted Average
- average total costs/ total units sold
Revenue vs
Profit
Revenue is the total amount of income generated by the sale of goods or services related to the company’s primary operations. …
Profit is the amount of income that remains after accounting for all expenses, debts, additional income streams, and operating costs.
Gain is what business earns on selling such assets which is not an inventory of the business.
Expenses
Inventory costing method
cost of good sold
when prices are rising (of goods)
lowest is the FIFO (first items cheaper)
higst is LIfO (newest are more expensive)
middle is average
Expenses
Inventory costing method
ending inventory
when prices are rising (relative to other methods)
highest FIFO (last, newest items are kept)
lowest LIFO ( last newest items are sold firms)
middle - average
Expenses
Inventory costing method
rising inventory cost
Net income:
LIFO< FIFO
COGS:
LIFO>FIFO
WC; TA; CA; ROE; CRatio
LIFO>FIFO
Asset turnover; debt-to-equity
LIFO> FIFO