LESSON 3: History of microbiology, a walk Flashcards
a Greek philosopher, he introduced
the Theory of Spontaneous Generation which states that life come
Aristotle
which states that life come from non-living matter
Theory of Spontaneous Generation
The very first scientist to formally challenge the Theory of Spontaneous Generation
was an Italian naturalist named
Francisco Redi
He hypothesized that maggots come from flies.
He filled jars with rotting meat. Some jars he sealed some he left opened and other he covered with a screen.
Popularized the use of compound microscope first invented by Zacharias Janssen
Robert Hooke
described his experiments
and observations made through the microscope.
hooke
the first person to use the word “cell” to identify microscopic
structures when he was
Robert Hooke
became the first person to view living
microorganisms,
so tiny that they were invisible to the naked
eye, which he called “animalcules”.
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
first described bacteria, protozoans and many cells of the human body. Due to his
contribution to the establishment of the microbiology, he is
considered as the “Father of Microbiology”
Antony Van Leeuwenhoek
The debate on the origin of organism was finally s
Louis Pasteur
Showed that
microorganisms are present in the air.
He proved that sterilized medical equipment’s became contaminated once they were exposed
to the air.
louis Pasteur
One of the best
known sterilization techniques, was developed and
named after Louis Pasteur.
Pasteurization
in the late 1800s led to one of the most important discoveries in
sterilization and bacteriology.
They discovered the thermoresistant
phase of bacteria to boiling temperatures.
John Tyndall (1820-1893), an
English physicist, and
Ferdinand Cohn (1828-1898), a German botanist
Tyndall discovered that bacteria existed in two
forms:
- Heat-stable form
- Heat-sensitive form
That prolonged or intermittent
heating called
(—) d
destroys heat stable form of bacteria.
Tyndallization
discovered
that these heat-stable forms are spores which develop into microorganisms in inadequately
heated infusions.
Ferdinand Cohn
observed that communicable
diseases were caused by invisible creatures called CONTAGION be it by direct or indirect
contact.
But since they were not able to provide any proof, the belief that infections are
caused by bad air (miasma theory) went on for
Shortly before the theory on spontaneous generation was finally
disproved, a new theory called
which states
that living matter is generated from another living matter gained
popularity.
Theory of Biogenesis
This new theory leads to the active promotion of
(—-)
of Disease which states that microorganisms or germs can lead to a
disease in humans, animals or other living hosts.
Germ Theory of Disease
lives by encouraging fellow doctors to wash their hands after performing autopsy and before
proceeding to deliver a baby.
Post-partum deaths due to childbed or
puerperal fever could be prevented.
Ignaz Semmelweis
Semmelweis’s suggestions were not
widely accepted by the medical
suggested to
filter and boil water before use, short after he suggested that a “cell” is
causing the disease. He believed that cholera is transmitted by water
contaminated with waste of other cholera patients.
John Snow (1813-1858)
Who first conducted formal experiments to promote germ theory
of disease with his experiment on fermentation of wine.
Louis Pasteur
He showed that growth of microorganisms cause contamination in wine that could be prevented by heating the liquid in
boiling temperature (Pasteurization).
also credited for his discovery of weakened
or attenuated vaccine against fowl cholera, anthrax for small ruminants and rabies.
Elaborated the
theory and practice of antiseptic surgery, which included washing the
hands with carbolic acid to prevent infection. He is known as the “Father
of Modern Antisepsis”.
Joseph Lister
He grew Bacillus anthracis in pure culture, demonstrated its ability to form spores and produced experimental
anthrax by injecting it into his animal subjects.
Robert Koch
To establish relationship
between a microorganism and an infection, some of which are still
applicable today especially when identifying a pathogen of a novel
disease.
Koch’s postulates,
Koch’s postulates stated that:
1. The microorganism must be present in every case of
the disease but absent from healthy host.
2. The suspected microorganism must be isolated
and grown in a pure culture from lesions of the disease.
3. The isolated organism, in pure
culture, when inoculated in suitable laboratory animals should produce a similar disease.
4. The same microorganism must be isolated again in pure culture from the lesions produced in
experimental animals. New addition to this postulates state that
5. Antibodies specific to the
bacterium should be demonstrable in the serum of patient suffering from the disease.
A British physician, discovered smallpox vaccine by collecting scrapings from cowpox blisters (a much milder
form of disease) and inoculated it into a child volunteer.
Edward Jenner
was extracted
from the Penicillum sp. mold thus called Penicillin.
He observed that
his pure culture of bacterial Staphylococci sp. colonies disappeared
on plates contaminated
Sir Alexander Fleming
