Lesson 3: Compartmentiation And Tissues Flashcards
Define what a Bodily cavity is?
Bodily cavities are fluid filled spaces in the body that protect organs. Furthermore, these cavities are separated by membranes, tissues and other structures.
Define Transcription in relation to protein synthesis
Transcription is the process by which a cell makes a copy of RNA from DNA
Define “Translation” referring to protein synthesis
Translation is the process by which which a cell makes proteins using genetic information carried in the messenger (mRNA)
What Is Lumen
Lumen is the interior of any hollow organ
What is the external environment mostly made of?
Extracellular fluid
What are the 5 main functions of the cell membrane
- Physical Isolation
- Regulation of exchange with the environment
- Communication between the cell and its environment
- Structural support
- Secretion
What is the cell membrane?
It is a thin layer of lipids that separate the inside and outside of the cell. Made from double layers of phospholipid and protein molecules
Creates a hydrophobic barrier as well
How are phospholipid molecules orientated in reference to the cell membrane? How does it change when placed in aqueous solutions?
The phospholipid heads face the aqueous intracellular and extracellular compartments (Outsides)
While the Lipid tails form the interior layer of the membrane. (Insides)
Phospholipids align with the POLAR heads interacting with water while Phospholipid tails “Hide” by putting the polar heads between themselves and the water due to the non-polar property of the tail
What are peripheral proteins?
Peripheral proteins are proteins that attach to membrane proteins by noncovalent interactions, while not disrupting the membranes integrity
(Signalling molecules)
What are integral proteins?
They are tightly bound to the membrane, and help maintain cell structure. Removal of these proteins disrupt the membranes integrity. They also help with transport across the cell membrane
(Structure and transport)
What are Inclusions?
Inclusions are non-living substances in the ICF that do not have boundary membranes to enclose them.
Define “Ribosomes”
Ribosomes are small granules of RNA and protein that manufacture proteins under the direction of the cells DNA
State the difference between “Fixed” and “Free” ribosomes
Fixed ribosomes attach to the inside surface of oraganelles
Free ribosomes are suspended free in the cytosol
What is the cytoskeleton of a cell?
The cytoskeleton is a flexible changeable scaffolding of microfilaments.
Intermediate filaments and micro tubules also extend throughout the cytoplasm
What are motor proteins and how do they function?
Motor proteins are proteins that convert stored energy into directed movement. This is done by using stored ATP to propel themselves along the cytoskeleton fibers
EX: Myosins
Define organelles
Organelles are sub-cellular compartments separated from the cytoskeleton by phospholipid membranes.
Define Secretory Vesicles
They vesicles that contain proteins that will be released form the cell
Do storage vesicles leave the cytoplasm?
No they never leave the cytoplasm
What are the four main tissue types?
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Muscle
- Neural
What is the Location, Cell arrangement and unique feature of Epithelial tissue?
Location: Lines/cavities, covers surfaces
Cell arrangement: It is variable can be small medium or large
Unique feature: No blood supply needed
What is the Location, Cell arrangement and unique feature of Neural Tissue?
Location: Everywhere (CNS, PNS)
Cell arrangement: A network (Highly branched together)
Unique feature: Electrical signalling
What is the Location, cell arrangement and unique feature of muscular tissue
Muscular tissue can be separated into three locations Cardiac (Heart), Smooth (Organs) and Skeletal (Movement muscles)
Cell arrangement are “Long” linked sheets while the cardiac muscles are branched
Muscular tissues unique feature is that it is “Excitable”, has high blood flow, and can contract to create movement
What is the location, cell arrangement and unique features if connective tissue?
Connective tissues are located at anchors, muscles, bone and the epithelial
Their cell arrangement is described as “Irregular Matrix” which can be described as tissues that have non-repeating or irregular structure
Connective tissues unique features is that it needs less blood supply than muscle
Define “Histology?
Histology is the study of tissue structure and function
What is the purpose of “Epithelial tissue”?
They protect the internal environment of the body, while also regulating the exchange of materials between the internal and external environments
(Epithelial typically consist of 1 or more layers of cells connected to one another,with a extracellular matrix between epithelial cells)
True or False, do ALL substances that need to enter and leave the internal environment of the body must cross the Epithelium?
True
What is the purpose of “Connective Tissue”?
Connective tissues provide structural support and sometimes a physical barrier that helps defend the body from bacteria and other foreign invaders
How do “Bones”, “Cartilage” and “Adipose Tissue” relate to connective tissue?
Bones help give strength and rigidity, cartilage are solid and flexible, and adipose tissue are an energy storage and help with temperature regulation
In Blood, what is considered the ECF?
ECF’s in blood are plasma
What is another general term Muscle and Neural tissues are called?
They are called “excitable” tissues as they can generate electrical signals and can depolarize
Describe the function of Muscle Tissue
Muscle tissue contract and produce force and movement. Most skeletal muscles attach to bone and are responsible for the GROSS movement of the body
Describe the function of Neural tissue
Neural tissue are made up of Nerve and Glial cells. Nerve cells help carry chemical and electrical signals from one part of the body to another.
Glial cells also known as neuroglia are the support cells for the nerve cells
What extracellular material is synthesized and secreted by the cells of a tissue?
The extracellular matrix.
What is the Extracellular matrix made of?
Proteoglycans, which covalently bind to polysaccharide chains
And
Insoluble protein fibres: which consist of collagen, fibronectin and laminar
(ECM help cells communicate with their external environment)
Define “Cell Junctions”
Cell junctions can be defined as membrane proteins and ECM that hold cells together to form tissues.
(Cells can form cell-cell adhesions that may be transient and may develop into permanent cell junctions)
Define “Cell-Adhesion Molecules”
They are membrane-spanning proteins responsible for both cell junctions and transient cell adhesions
(Cell to cell and cell to matrix adhesions are essential for normal growth and development
Name the two ways cell deaths occur in the body
Necrosis and apoptosis
Define “Necrosis”
Necrosis are when cells die from physical trauma, toxins or lack of oxygen. (May trigger inflammatory response)
Define “Apoptosis”
They are the programmed cell deaths, regulated by chemical signals. (Such as when tissue get too old)
What is the difference between cell adhesions and permanent cell junctions
