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ZOOL102 > Lesson 3: Chemical Basis of Life > Flashcards

Lesson 3: Chemical Basis of Life Flashcards

1
Q

What are atoms?

A

the smallest unit of matter that cannot be broken down by chemical means

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2
Q

What are the three parts of atoms?

A

(1) protons, (2) neutrons, and (3) electrons

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3
Q

What are molecules?

A

formed when two or more atoms are bonded together

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4
Q

What are compounds?

A

molecules consisting of different atoms (two or more) of different chemical elements

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5
Q

What is the protoplasm?

A

the living part of the cell composed of organic and inorganic compounds

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6
Q

What are the three types of properties the protoplasm possesses?

A

(1) physical, (2) chemical, and (3) biological properties

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7
Q

What are the physical properties of the protoplasm?

A

(1) a colloidal system and (2) its ability to exist in two interchangeable states.

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8
Q

What are the two states the protoplasm can exist in?

A

(1) fluid-like sol state and (2) solid-like gel state

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9
Q

What are the chemical properties of the protoplasm?

A

(1) being composed of organic and inorganic substances and (2) containing elements such as hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen.

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10
Q

What are the biological properties of the protoplasm?

A

its capability of metabolism, irritability, growth, reproduction, and adaptability

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11
Q

What are the four inorganic substances found in the protoplasm?

A

(1) water, (2) oxygen, (3) carbon dioxide, and (4) inorganic salts

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12
Q

What are the four organic substances found in the protoplasm?

A

(1) carbohydrates, (2) lipids, (3) proteins, (4) nucleic acids

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13
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

are sources of energy and are major cellular nutrients

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14
Q

What are the polymers of carbohydrates?

A

Polysaccharides (Starch, Glycogen, etc.)

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15
Q

What are the monomers of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides (Glucose, Fructose, etc.)

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16
Q

What is the chemical formula of carbohydrates?

A

CₙH₂ₙOₙ

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17
Q

What are the three subtypes of carbohydrates?

A

(1) monosaccharides, (2) disaccharides, (3) and polysaccharides

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18
Q

What are the three examples of monosaccharides?

A

(1) glucose, (2) galactose, and (3) fructose

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19
Q

What are the three examples of disaccharides?

A

(1) lactose (glucose + galactose), (2) sucrose (glucose + fructose), (3) maltose (glucose + glucose)

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20
Q

What are the three examples of polysaccharides?

A

(1) cellulose, (2) glycogen, and (3) starch

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21
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

a major cellular nutrient; often incorporated into more complex carbohydrates and can be converted into other organic molecules

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22
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

an energy source; used as sweeteners & dietary components

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23
Q
A
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23
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

hundreds of linked monosaccharides; serve as storage & structural material

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24
Q

What are polysaccharides also known as?

A

complex carbohydrates

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25
Q

What are lipids?

A

energy storage and cell structure

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26
Q

What are the polymers or lipids?

A

Fats (Triglycerides, Oils, Waxes)

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27
Q

What are the monomers of lipids?

A

Triglycerides (Glycerol and Fatty Acids)

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28
Q

What are the two classifications of lipids?

A

(1) lipids based on structure and (2) based on function

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29
Q

What are the three kinds of lipids based on structure?

A

(1) triglycerides (or fats), (2) phospholipids, and (3) steroids

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30
Q

What are triglycerides for?

A

energy storage and insulation; serve to cushion vital organs

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31
Q

How are triglycerides formed?

A

when a glycerol molecule (alcohol) reacts with 3 fatty acid molecules through a condensation synthesis reaction

32
Q

What are fats?

A

mixture of triacylglycerols that is solid because it contains a high proportion of saturated fatty acids

33
Q

What are oils?

A

mixture of triacylglycerols that is liquid because it contains a high proportion of unsaturated fatty acids

34
Q

What are the four types of fats?

A

(1) saturated, (2) poly-unsaturated, (3) mono-unsaturated, and (4) trans fats

35
Q

What are the four characteristics of saturated fats?

A

(1) solid at room temp, (2) contains no double bounds, (3) has the highest melting point, and (4) saturated with hydrogen

36
Q

What are the three characteristics of polyunsaturated fats?

A

(1) liquid at room temp, (2) contains multiple double bonds of carbon, and (3) has the lowest melting point.

37
Q

What are the three characteristics of monounsaturated fats?

A

(1) liquid at room temp, (2) contains one double bond of carbon, and (3) has a lower melting point

38
Q

What are the three characteristics of trans fats?

A

(1) are liquid oils industrially converted into solids, (2) have a high melting point, and are (3) partially hydrogenated.

39
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

the main component of membranes

40
Q

What are the two primary functions of steroids?

A

(1) important components of a cell membrane which alter membrane fluidity and (2) are signaling molecules

examples of steroids include Vitamin D, Cortisone, and Cholesterol

41
Q

What are the two types of cholesterol?

A

(1) ‘bad’ (Low-Density Lipoprotein or LDL) and (2) ‘good’ (High-Density Lipoprotein or HDL) cholesterol

42
Q

What is the structure of steroids?

A

is made up of four interconnected carbon rings

43
Q

What are the four kinds of lipids based on function?

A

(1) fats, (2) oils, (3) phospholipids, (4) and steroids

44
Q

What are proteins?

A

are energy-yielding nutrients composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

45
Q

How do proteins differ from other biomolecules?

A

the presence of nitrogen

46
Q

What are the polymers or proteins?

A

proteins or polypeptides

47
Q

What are the monomers or proteins?

A

amino acids

48
Q

What is the structure of an amino acid?

A

made up of a central carbon atom bonded to 4 different atoms or group of atoms: (1) a hydrogen atom, (2) a Carboxyl Group or COOH, (3) an Amino Group which is a nitrogen atom single bonded to two hydrogen atoms, and (4) a side chain or the R Group.

49
Q

What is the R Group?

A

The R Group can be any of the 20 structurally diverse chemical groups.

50
Q

What is the purpose of the R Group?

A

it can distinguish amino acids from one another.

51
Q

How are these amino acids linked?

A

A peptide bond is a chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule, releasing a molecule of water

52
Q

What process entails a peptide bond between amino acids?

A

the dehydration synthesis reaction or the condensation reaction

53
Q

When can a polypeptide be considered a protein?

A

once it folds into its functional shape

53
Q

Two linked amino acids form _________, three form __________, and long chains of amino acids are ____________.

A

dipeptides; tripeptides; polypeptides

54
Q

What are the two ways you can classify an amino acid?

A

(1) essential and (2) non-essential amino acids

55
Q

How many essential amino acids are there?

A

9 amino acids

56
Q

What is the other term for an essential amino acid?

A

indispensable amino acids

57
Q

What makes an amino acid essential?

A

must be ingested since our bodies do not manufacture these molecules

58
Q

What are the nine essential amino acids?

A

(1) Histidine, (2) Isoleucine, (3) Leucine, (4) Methionine, (5) Phenylalanine, (6) Threonine, (7) Tryptophan, (8) Valine, and (9) Lysine

59
Q

What are the seven conditionally non-essential amino acids?

A

(1) Arginine, (2) Asparagine, (3) Glutamine, (4) Glycine, (5) Proline, (6) Serine, and (7) Tyrosine

60
Q

What are the four essential amino acids?

A

(1) Alanine, (2) Aspartate, (3) Cysteine, and (4) Glutamate

61
Q

What are nucleic acids?

A

store hereditary information; they encode amino acid sequences of proteins and are the building blocks of nucleotides

62
Q

What are nucleic acids also known as?

A

the units of inheritance

63
Q

What are the polymers or nucleic acids?

A

DNA & RNA

64
Q

What are the monomers or nucleic acids?

A

Nucleotides (GCAT and GCAU)

65
Q

What are the two main types of nucleic acids?

A

(1) Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA), and (2) Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

66
Q

What is DNA?

A

made up of double helix; it stores information for the synthesis of specific proteins. It also directs the rRNA synthesis; contains a deoxyribose

67
Q

The nucleic acids are bonded together by a ________ ____. This bond is called a ____ ____.

A

hydrogen bonds; base pair

68
Q

What are the three components of Nucleic Acids?

A

(1) nucleoside, (2) nucleotide, and (3) polynucleotide

69
Q

What is the nucleoside?

A

a substructure composed of a nucleobase plus sugar and without phosphate

70
Q

What are the four N-containing bases found in DNA?

A

(1) Guanine (Purine), (2) Cytosine (Pyrimidines), (3)
Adenine (Purine), and (4) Thymine (Pyrimidines)

71
Q

What are the four N-containing bases found in DNA?

A

(1) Guanine (Purine), (2) Cytosine (Pyrimidines), (3)
Adenine (Purine), and (4) Uracil (Pyrimidines)

72
Q

What is the difference between purines and pyrimidines?

A

purines have a double ring structure, while pyrimidines have a single ring structure

73
Q

What is the nucleotide?

A

a substructure composed of a nucleobase plus sugar and phosphate

74
Q

What are the three parts of a Nucleotide?

A

(1) a Pentose Sugar (a five-carbon sugar), attached to one of the sugar’s carbon is at least (2) one Phosphate Group) and, to the opposite side of the sugar, a (3) Nitrogenous Base (Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, or Thymine/Urasil)

75
Q

What is a polynucleotide?

A

a unique sequence of nucleotides

76
Q

What are the two types of polynucleotides?

A

(1) DNA, and (2) RNA

ZOOL102 (2 decks)

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