Lesson 3:Alternatives to Exp:Non-Exp Designs Flashcards
Research that lacks the
manipulation of an independent variable. Rather than
manipulating an independent variable.
non-experimental research
Non-experimental research is the label given to a study
when a researcher cannot?
control, manipulate or alter the
predictor variable or subjects
Non-experimental Research relies on:
interpretation, observation or interactions to come to a
conclusion
Non-experimental research is the predominant kind of research usually used in?
Social Sciences
They are used where experiments are not ethical or
possible, or where we want to test hypotheses in realistic conditions.
When to use non-experimental Research? When the question is:
1.Single Variable
2.Non-causal
3.Ethical Reasons
4.Too broad and Explanatory
Generally non-experimental is
to predict and describe
degree to which a
researcher can establish a causal relationship between the independent and dependent variables
Internal Validity
THREAT TO INTERNAL VALIDITY: extraneous variable occurs that can influence the causal relationship
Confounding Factors
THREAT TO INTERNAL VALIDITY: The passage of time influences the dependent variable (job satisfaction)
Maturation
THREAT TO INTERNAL VALIDITY: pre-test and post-test (used baseline)
Testing
THREAT TO INTERNAL VALIDITY: define control and experimental group
Participant selection
THREAT TO INTERNAL VALIDITY: withdraw if it takes longer time than expected
Attrition
THREAT TO INTERNAL VALIDITY: Extreme scores tend to be closer to the average on a second measurement.
Regression towards
mean
THREAT TO INTERNAL VALIDITY: There is a change in how the dependent variable is measured during the study.
Instrumentation
THREAT TO INTERNAL VALIDITY: Knows respondents
Social interaction
It is the degree to which research findings can be generalized to other settings and individuals and to the extent to which results from a study can be applied (generalized) to other
situations, groups or events.
External Validity
THREATS TO EXTERNAL VALIDITY: Participation in the pre-test influences
Testing
THREATS TO EXTERNAL VALIDITY: Participants of the study differ substantially from the population.
Sampling bias
THREATS TO EXTERNAL VALIDITY: Participants change their behavior because they know they are being studied.
Hawthorne Effect
What is the degree of Imposition of Units if: Controlled or identified questions or surveys.
Very high degree of Imposition of Unit
What is the degree of Imposition of Units if: Open-ended questions?
Very low degree of Imposition of Unit
involves a subject’s description of personal subjective experience or description of one’s own immediate experience
Phenomenology
Phenomenology degree of antecedent and Imposition of units?
low in manipulation of
antecedent conditions and low in
imposition of units (low-low).
descriptive study
of a subject’s experiences, observable behaviors, and
archival records kept by an outside observer
Case Study
- useful source of inferences,
hypotheses, and theories
*are a source of developing therapy techniques
*made systematically over a period of time or after a fact
Case Study
collected in the present
that are based on the recollection of past event.
Retrospective Data
Limitations of Case Study?
Lacking scientific rigor
Researcher bias
Difficult to replicate.
Time-consuming and expensive
volume of data/time/place
Case Study degree of antecedent and Imposition of units?
from low-low to low-high
Approach based on real life settings. Using observation and Interviewing.
Field Study
Can be direct or indirect (through video recording)
Field Study
Field Study degree of antecedent and Imposition of units?
low-low to low-high in our graphic
scheme
Type of Field Study: observing subjects in their natural environment, looking at a behavior as it occurs in its natural setting with no attempts at intervention on the part of the researcher
Naturalistic Observation
This approach has been used
extensively in animal behavior researches, called
ethology, to study the behavior in the wild as well as in
captivity
Naturalistic Observation
allows the investigators to directly observe the subject in a natural setting
advantage of naturalistic observation:
difficult to determine the exact cause of a behavior and People may behave differently when they know they are being watched
disadvantages of naturalistic observation
Data Collection Methods of naturalistic observation?
Tally Counts, Observer Narratives and Audio Vid Recording
naturalistic observation
low-low in the graphic scheme.
deeper understanding of
the actors, interaction, scene, and events that take
place at the research site
Participant observation
in this observation the researcher should have stable mental emotion
participant observation
Covert and Overt
Undercover and revealed identity just joined
Main Problem of Participant Observation?
Invasion of Privacy
Limitation of Partcipant Observation?
*difficult to get time / privacy for recording
*rely only in memory
*researcher become too involved
descriptive method
where researchers reexamine data that were collected for other purposes
Archival study
data from sources that already exist.
Archival Study
obtains data consisting of
words instead of numbers
Qualitative Research
Qualitative Research Methods:
Phenomenology
Case Study
and Field Sudy
lies in reproducibility – others should be able to replicate it with similar result
Qualitative Studies
