Lesson 3:Alternatives to Exp:Non-Exp Designs

Question 1

Research that lacks the
manipulation of an independent variable. Rather than
manipulating an independent variable.

Answer 1

non-experimental research

Question 2

Non-experimental research is the label given to a study
when a researcher cannot?

Answer 2

control, manipulate or alter the
predictor variable or subjects

Question 3

Non-experimental Research relies on:

Answer 3

interpretation, observation or interactions to come to a
conclusion

Question 4

Non-experimental research is the predominant kind of research usually used in?

Answer 4

Social Sciences

Question 5

They are used where experiments are not ethical or
possible, or where we want to test hypotheses in realistic conditions.

Question 6

When to use non-experimental Research? When the question is:

Answer 6

1.Single Variable
2.Non-causal
3.Ethical Reasons
4.Too broad and Explanatory

Question 7

Generally non-experimental is

Answer 7

to predict and describe

Question 8

degree to which a
researcher can establish a causal relationship between the independent and dependent variables

Answer 8

Internal Validity

Question 9

THREAT TO INTERNAL VALIDITY: extraneous variable occurs that can influence the causal relationship

Answer 9

Confounding Factors

Question 10

THREAT TO INTERNAL VALIDITY: The passage of time influences the dependent variable (job satisfaction)

Answer 10

Maturation

Question 11

THREAT TO INTERNAL VALIDITY: pre-test and post-test (used baseline)

Answer 11

Testing

Question 12

THREAT TO INTERNAL VALIDITY: define control and experimental group

Answer 12

Participant selection

Question 13

THREAT TO INTERNAL VALIDITY: withdraw if it takes longer time than expected

Answer 13

Attrition

Question 14

THREAT TO INTERNAL VALIDITY: Extreme scores tend to be closer to the average on a second measurement.

Answer 14

Regression towards
mean

Question 15

THREAT TO INTERNAL VALIDITY: There is a change in how the dependent variable is measured during the study.

Answer 15

Instrumentation

Question 16

THREAT TO INTERNAL VALIDITY: Knows respondents

Answer 16

Social interaction

Question 17

It is the degree to which research findings can be generalized to other settings and individuals and to the extent to which results from a study can be applied (generalized) to other
situations, groups or events.

Answer 17

External Validity

Question 18

THREATS TO EXTERNAL VALIDITY: Participation in the pre-test influences

Answer 18

Testing

Question 19

THREATS TO EXTERNAL VALIDITY: Participants of the study differ substantially from the population.

Answer 19

Sampling bias

Question 20

THREATS TO EXTERNAL VALIDITY: Participants change their behavior because they know they are being studied.

Answer 20

Hawthorne Effect

Question 21

What is the degree of Imposition of Units if: Controlled or identified questions or surveys.

Answer 21

Very high degree of Imposition of Unit

Question 22

What is the degree of Imposition of Units if: Open-ended questions?

Answer 22

Very low degree of Imposition of Unit

Question 23

involves a subject’s description of personal subjective experience or description of one’s own immediate experience

Answer 23

Phenomenology

Question 24

Phenomenology degree of antecedent and Imposition of units?

Answer 24

low in manipulation of
antecedent conditions and low in
imposition of units (low-low).

Question 25

descriptive study
of a subject’s experiences, observable behaviors, and
archival records kept by an outside observer

Answer 25

Case Study

Question 26

• useful source of inferences,
  hypotheses, and theories
  *are a source of developing therapy techniques
  *made systematically over a period of time or after a fact

Answer 26

Case Study

Question 27

collected in the present
that are based on the recollection of past event.

Answer 27

Retrospective Data

Question 28

Limitations of Case Study?

Answer 28

Lacking scientific rigor
Researcher bias
Difficult to replicate.
Time-consuming and expensive
volume of data/time/place

Question 29

Case Study degree of antecedent and Imposition of units?

Answer 29

from low-low to low-high

Question 30

Approach based on real life settings. Using observation and Interviewing.

Answer 30

Field Study

Question 31

Can be direct or indirect (through video recording)

Answer 31

Field Study

Question 32

Field Study degree of antecedent and Imposition of units?

Answer 32

low-low to low-high in our graphic
scheme

Question 33

Type of Field Study: observing subjects in their natural environment, looking at a behavior as it occurs in its natural setting with no attempts at intervention on the part of the researcher

Answer 33

Naturalistic Observation

Question 34

This approach has been used
extensively in animal behavior researches, called
ethology, to study the behavior in the wild as well as in
captivity

Answer 34

Naturalistic Observation

Question 35

allows the investigators to directly observe the subject in a natural setting

Answer 35

advantage of naturalistic observation:

Question 36

difficult to determine the exact cause of a behavior and People may behave differently when they know they are being watched

Answer 36

disadvantages of naturalistic observation

Question 37

Data Collection Methods of naturalistic observation?

Answer 37

Tally Counts, Observer Narratives and Audio Vid Recording

Question 38

naturalistic observation

Answer 38

low-low in the graphic scheme.

Question 39

deeper understanding of
the actors, interaction, scene, and events that take
place at the research site

Answer 39

Participant observation

Question 40

in this observation the researcher should have stable mental emotion

Answer 40

participant observation

Question 41

Covert and Overt

Answer 41

Undercover and revealed identity just joined

Question 42

Main Problem of Participant Observation?

Answer 42

Invasion of Privacy

Question 43

Limitation of Partcipant Observation?

Answer 43

*difficult to get time / privacy for recording
*rely only in memory
*researcher become too involved

Question 44

descriptive method
where researchers reexamine data that were collected for other purposes

Answer 44

Archival study

Question 45

data from sources that already exist.

Answer 45

Archival Study

Question 46

obtains data consisting of
words instead of numbers

Answer 46

Qualitative Research

Question 47

Qualitative Research Methods:

Answer 47

Phenomenology
Case Study
and Field Sudy

Question 48

lies in reproducibility – others should be able to replicate it with similar result

Answer 48

Qualitative Studies