Lesson 2: Research Ethics

Question 1

refers to the correct rules of conduct necessary
when carrying out research.

Answer 1

Research ethics

Question 2

This means that they must abide by certain moral
principles and rules of conduct. They protect research participants

Answer 2

Reseach ethics

Question 3

is an administrative body established to protect the rights and welfare of human research subjects

Answer 3

IRB Institutional Review Board

Question 4

After the World War II, trial was conducted on

Answer 4

23 Nazi doctors, Among the 23, 15 were convicted.
Seven were condemned to death by hanging, 8 received prison sentences from 10 years to life.

Question 5

The code highlighted on the need for informed consent, prior animal work, qualified scientists, risk justification by anticipated benefits, avoidance of physical and mental suffering, death, or disabling injury.

Answer 5

Nuremberg Code.1947

Question 6

children were deliberately infected
with mild form of hepatitis, and
consent was obtained from parents
without informing about the hazards

Answer 6

Willowbrook Hepatitis Study (1956),

Question 7

conducted where cancer cells
were inoculated in senile subject
without proper explanation on risk.

Answer 7

(1963) Jewish Chronic Disease Study

Question 8

Both these studies used a vulnerable group of patients who could not take independent decision. The situation was highlighted in an article published in 1966 which described 22 such

Answer 8

Code of Medical Ethics 1966

Question 9

The declaration of WMA binds the physician with the words, “The health of my patient will be my first consideration,” and the International declares that, “A physician shall act in the patient’s best interest when providing medical care.”

Answer 9

Declaration of Helsinki

Question 10

African-American participants and even after the development of penicillin, the
trial participants were denied of the treatment and when it came to light it has already claimed 28 lives
and led to permanent disability in 100 subjects;

Answer 10

(Tuskegee Syphilis Study) 1972(Tuskegee Syphilis Study)

Question 11

which stressed on three basic ethical principles: autonomy, beneficence, and justice.

Answer 11

(Belmont report) 1979

Question 12

first released a policy statement on ethical considerations involved
in research on human subjects in 1980.

Answer 12

Indian
Council of Medical Research (ICMR)

Question 13

In India, the ethics guidelines are given the legal status by way of

Answer 13

Schedule Y Drugs and Cosmetics Rules,
1945

Question 14

With the advent of multi centric studies involving different countries, having a uniform GCP was a felt-need.current GCPs of the European Union, Japan, and the United States, as well as those
of Australia, Canada, the Nordic countries, and the World Health Organization

Answer 14

International Conference on Harmonization-GCP

Question 15

It is the largest professional and scientific organization of psychologists in the United States.

Answer 15

APA American Psychological Association

Question 16

Membership in the APA is not limited to scientists
or clinicians; it also includes educators and psychology students.

Answer 16

True

Question 17

Functions of the American Psychological Association

Answer 17

1.Advancing and Promoting Psychology
2. Regulating Official Titles
3. Publishing the Official Style Manual

Question 18

General Principles

Answer 18

Competence:
Integrity:
Concern for Others’ Welfare:
Social Responsibility:

Question 19

Informed Consent to Research (APA Standard 8.02)
A. When obtaining informed consent as required in Standard 3.10, Informed Consent, psychologists inform participants about

Answer 19

a. the purpose of the research,
b. their right to decline
c. the foreseeable consequences
d. reasonably foreseeable factors to influence their willingness
e. any prospective research benefits;
f. limits of confidentiality;
g. incentives for participation; and
h. whom to contact

Question 20

B. Psychologists conducting intervention research involving the use of experimental treatments clarify to participants at the outset of the research

Answer 20

a. the experimental nature of treatment
b. the services that will or will not be available to the control group(s) if appropriate;
c. the means by which assignment to treatment and control groups will be made;
d. available treatment alternatives if
e. compensation for or monetary costs

Question 21

occurs when researchers purposely mislead research subjects by providing them with false information or misdirect them in some way about some aspect of the research procedure and/or purpose of the research.

Answer 21

Deception

Question 22

occurs when the researchers
withhold information about some aspect of the research from the subjects.

Answer 22

Incomplete Disclosure

Question 23

is a crucial component of the consent
process for any research involving the use of
deception or incomplete disclosure. Debriefing

Answer 23

Debriefing

Question 24

refers to a condition in which the researcher knows the identity of a research subject, but takes
steps to protect that identity from being discovered by others.

Answer 24

Confidentiality

Question 25

is a condition in which the identity of individual subjects is not known to researchers.

Answer 25

Anonymity

Question 26

—the idea that all sensate species,
particularly those that feel pain, are of equal value and have equal rights.

Answer 26

Animal Rights

Question 27

that many nonhuman animals have basic interests that deserve recognition, consideration, and protection.

Answer 27

Animal Rights movement

Question 28

It is n act of deception or misrepresentation of one’s own work, violates these ethical standards. It can take the form of plagiarism, falsification of data ,and irresponsible authorship.

Answer 28

Science Fraud

Question 29

making up results and recording or reporting them.

Answer 29

Fabrication

Question 30

manipulation of research
materials, equipment, or processes, or changing or omitting results such that the research is not accurately
represented in the record.

Answer 30

Falsification

Question 31

the appropriation of another’s ideas, processes, results, or words without proper credit

Answer 31

Plagiarism

Question 32

Quotations must always be identified as such by the use of either quotation marks or indentation, and with full referencing of the sources cited.

Answer 32

Verbatim (word for word) quotation without clear acknowledgement

Question 33

Information derived from the Internet must be adequately
referenced and included in the bibliography.

Answer 33

Cutting and pasting from the Internet without clear
acknowledgement

Question 34

the work of others by altering a few words and
changing their order, or by closely following the structure of their argument,

Answer 34

Paraphrasing

Question 35

This can involve unauthorized collaboration between students, failure to attribute assistance received, or failure to
follow precisely regulations on group work projects.

Answer 35

Collusion

Question 36

It is important to cite correctly, according to the conventions of your
discipline.

Answer 36

Inaccurate citation

Question 37

You must clearly acknowledge all assistance which has contributed to the production of your work, such as advice
from fellow students, laboratory technicians, and other external sources.

Answer 37

Failure to acknowledge assistance

Question 38

You should neither make use of professional agencies in the production of your work nor submit material which
has been written for you even with the consent of the person who has written

Answer 38

Use of material written by professional agencies or other persons

Question 39

You must not submit work for assessment that you have already submitted (partially or in full), either for your current course or for another qualification of this, or any other, university, unless this is specifically provided

Answer 39

Auto-plagiarism

Question 40

Ethical Reports

Answer 40

Publication Credit (APA Standard 8.12)
Duplicate Publication of Data (APA Standard 8.13)
Sharing Research Data for Verification (APA Standard 8.14)