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ENT > Lesson 3 > Flashcards

Lesson 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Boundaries of Larynx in adults and children.

A

Adults C4 - 6

Children C3 - 4

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2
Q

Classification of laryngeal skeleton according to Type.

A
  1. Hyaline = Thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid
  2. Fibrinous = Epiglottis
  3. Fibroelastic cartilage = Accessory cartilage of Santorini (corniculate), Wrisburg (cuneiform)
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3
Q

Classification of laryngeal skeleton according to pairs.

A

Unpaired = epiglottis, thyroid and cricoid.

Paired = Arytenoid.

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4
Q

Characteristics of epiglottis.

A

Attached to tongue base.

Attached to upper part thyroid cartilage.

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5
Q

Characteristics of thyroid cartilage.

A 
Adam’s apple.
2 wings.
Ant = thyroid notch.
Post = superior and inferior horn.
Below = cricoid cartilage.
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6
Q

Characteristics of cricoid cartilage.

A

Joint to old with the cricothyroid membrane.

Signet ring shape (larger portion at the posterior side)

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7
Q

Characteristics of arytenoid cartilage.

A

Can rotate and slide on the cricoid.
Movement of vocal cords.
3 sided pyramid shaped.

Ant process = vocal
Lat process = muscular

Laryngeal inlet is formed by the aryepiglottis fold which connect the arytenoid to the base of the epiglottis.

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8
Q

Internal ligaments of the larynx.

A

Cornus elasticus.
Thyroepiglottic ligament.
Aryepiglottic ligament.

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9
Q

External ligaments of the larynx.

A

Thyrohyoid memebrane.
Cricothyroid membrane / conical membrane.
Cricotracheal membrane.

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10
Q

External Muscles of the larynx.

A

Sternohyoid, sternothyroid and thyrohyoid.

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11
Q

Internal muscles of the larynx.

A

Opening the glottis, abduction of vocal cords = posterior cricoarytenoid muscle (Posticus muscle)

Closing the glottis, adduction of the vocal cords = lateral cricoarytenoid, transverse arytenoid, thyroarytenoid.

Tension of the vocal cords = cricothyroid/ anticus muscle, medial thyroarytenoid muscle.

Movement of epiglottis = aryepiglottis and thyroepiglottis Muscles.

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12
Q

Types of cords.

A

False/ vestibular cords.

True / vocal cords.

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13
Q

Characteristics of vocal cords.

A

Parts = ligament, muscle, mucosal covering.

Newborns 0.7 cm
Women 1.6 - 2.0 cm
Men 2.0 - 2.4 cm

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14
Q

Compartments of the laryngeal cavity.

A

Supraglottis.

Glottis = intermembranous part and intercartilaginous part.

Subglottis.

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15
Q

All boundaries of the larynx.

A

Superior = free edge of the epiglottis, aryepiglottic fold, interarytenoid notch.

Inferior = lower edge of the cricoid cartilage.

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16
Q

Nerve supply of the larynx.

A

Muscle = external superior laryngeal, recurrent laryngeal.

Sensory = internal superior laryngeal, recurrent laryngeal.

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17
Q

Peculiarities of recurrent laryngeal nerve.

A

Right = from the vagus, passes around the subclavian, between the oesophagus and trachea and enters the larynx at the inferior Cornu of the thyroid cartilage.

Left = from vagus, passes the aortic arch, between the oesophagus and trachea and enters the larynx at the inferior Cornu of the thyroid cartilage.

Passes behind the thyroid and medial to the inferior thyroid artery.

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18
Q

Blood supply of the larynx.

A

Supraglottic area = superior laryngeal artery.

Infraglottic area = inferior laryngeal artery.

19
Q

Venous drainage of the larynx.

A

Superior thyroid vein to internal jugular vein.

Inferior thyroid vein to brachiocephalic vein.

20
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the larynx.

A

Superior lymphatic drainage = submucous, preepiglottic. To deep cervical nodes.

Inferior lymphatic drainage = pretracheal, paratracheal. To deep cervical nodes.

Additional drainage = peritracheal, mediastinal

21
Q

Mucosal lining of the larynx.

A

*Partially keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
Laryngeal surface of epiglottis,vestibular fold, vestibule of the larynx, vocal cords.

  • Ciliated columnar epithelium
    Other parts larynx mucosa
22
Q

Peculiarities of the glottis & supraglottis in children.

A

Diameter is smaller therefore oedema maybe fatal.

23
Q

Functions of the larynx.

A

Control airflow, phonation, protection, fixation.

24
Q

Phonation.

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve sets the vocal cords in the adducted position. Air passes from the lung to the pharynx through the glottis in high velocity so the mucosa of the vocal cords close the gap. Vibration is produced.

Speech is accomplished by the tongue,lips, teeth and palate.

Hoarseness = very slight, slight, moderate, severe. Measured by sonography.

25
Q

Protection.

A

Prevents food from entering the respiratory tract, leading to the cough reflex if it does.

26
Q

Fixation.

A

The glottis closes the respiratory tract during coughing,vomiting, defecation etc…

27
Q

Tracheobronchial tree boundaries.

A

From C6/7 to T4/5.
Adult 10 - 13 cm
16 - 20 cartilaginous rings.

28
Q

Parts of the tracheobronchial tree.

A

Cartilaginous and membranous

29
Q

Properties of the tracheobronchial tree.

A

Carina at T4/5 at 55°
Right bronchus at 17° from midline
Left bronchus 35° from midline

30
Q

Course of tracheobronchial tree.

A

Extra and intrapulmonary.

31
Q

Lining of the tracheobronchial tree.

A

Trachea and bronchi = respiratory mucosa

Bronchioles = cuboidal epithelium

32
Q

Vascular supply of the tracheobronchial tree.

A

Inferior thyroid, superior thyroid, bronchial arteries.

33
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the tracheobronchial tree.

A

Thoracic lymphatic system.

34
Q

Nerve supply of the tracheobronchial tree.

A

Vagus and sympathetic trunk.

35
Q

Main functions of the tracheobronchial tree.

A

Respiration.

Humidification of air.

36
Q

Main boundaries and characteristics of the oesophagus.

A

From C6 to T11; lower border of cricoid to cardia.
26 cm.

Oesophageal opening 15 cm from upper incisor tooth. Cardiac opening 41 cm.

37
Q

Walls the oesophagus.

A
  1. Connective tissue (superficial)
  2. Muscular = external longitudinal, internal circular and spiral fibres.
  3. Submucosa.
  4. Muscosa.
38
Q

Lining of the oesophagus.

A

Non-keratinised stratified squamous.

39
Q

Constrictions of the oesophagus.

A

Anatomical = cricopharyngeal at the mouth, at tracheal bifurcation, as it passes through the diaphragm.

Physiological = crossing of the aorta, at the level of the heart.

40
Q

Parts of the oesophagus.

A

Cervical, thoracic, abdominal.

41
Q

Blood supply of the oesophagus.

A

Oesophageal branches of;

Thoracic aorta, bronchial arteries, left gastric artery, inferior thyroid artery.

42
Q

Innervation of the oesophagus.

A

Cr. 9 & 10

Autonomic from sympathetic

43
Q

Phases of the oesophagus.

A

Oral, pharyngeal and oesophageal.

ENT (6 decks)

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