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ENT > Lesson 1 > Flashcards

Lesson 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of the external ear.

A

3 Parts Of Ear

  1. External
  2. Pinna / auricle
  3. External acoustic meatus
  4. Middle
  5. Internal
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2
Q

Parts, Muscles, ligaments and surfaces of the auricle.

A

Part:

  1. Lobule
  2. Tragus
  3. Antitragus
  4. Cavum conchae
  5. Helix
  6. Antihelix
  7. Scapha
  8. Fossa triangularis

Yellow elastic cartilage(w/o lobule)

Surfaces

  1. Medial
  2. Lateral(closely adhernt to pericondrim)

Muscles & Ligaments

  1. Anterior
  2. Superior
  3. Posterior
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3
Q

Walls, recesses, parts, constrictions, fissures and lining of the external acoustic meatus.

A

Walls

  1. Anterior
  2. Inferior :longer
  3. Posterior
  4. Superior

Recess
Inferior meatal recess - may contain reservoir which hard to see

Parts

  1. Outer / lateral 3rd ​- MUB
  2. Inner / medial 3rd ​- MDF

Constrictions

  1. Between cartilaginous & bony part
  2. At osseous part

Fissures of Satorini
18446744073709551615 Pathway for infection from meatus to parotid gland & superficial mastoid tissue

Lining Cartilagenous Portion

  1. Sebaceous gland
  2. Ceramenious gland
  3. Hair follicles
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4
Q

Wall communication, AVNL of auricle.

A

Wall Communication

  1. Anterior with temporomandibular jt
  2. Superior with base of skull
  3. Inferior with parotid gland
  4. Posterior with anterior wall of mastoid process

Nerves Supply auricle & EAM

  1. 5th cranial nn - auriculotemporal nn
  2. 7th cranial nn - temporal branches
  3. 10th cranial nn - auricular nn

Supply medial / posterior auricle

  1. Great auricular nn
  2. Lesser occipital nn

Blood Supply Of Auricle

  1. Superficial temporal aa
  2. Posterior auricular aa

Blood Supply Of EAM

  1. Superficial temporal aa
  2. Posterior auricular aa
  3. Deep auricular branch of maxillary aa

Lymphatic Drainage

  1. Anterior- Parotid gland nodes
  2. Inferior- Superficial cervical nodes
  3. Posterior​- Mastoid glands
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5
Q

Structure,parts and layers of the tympanic membrane,

A

Ring of it sits on tympanic annulus.
Ring has deficiency = Rivinus notch

Structure In Auriscopy

  1. Umno
  2. Cone of light
  3. Handle of malleolus
  4. Short process of malleus
  5. Anterior fold of membrane
  6. Posterior fold of membrane

Part

  1. Pars tensa
  2. Pars flaccida

Layer Of Membrane

  1. Outer​- squamous epithelium
  2. Middle​- fibrous
  3. Radiating
  4. Circular
  5. Inner ​- mucous membrane
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6
Q

AVNL of the tympanic membrane.

A

Nerve Supply

  1. Anterior - auriculotemporal branch of mandibular nn
  2. Posterior - auricular branch of vagus nn
  3. Inner - tympanic branch of glossopharyngeal nn
Blood Supply
1. Outer​- deep auricular branch of
 maxillary aa
2. Inner​- posterior auricular aa
​- maxillary artery
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7
Q

Parts of middle ear.

A

Part

  1. Eustachian tube
  2. Tympanic cavity (Main)
  3. Aditus
  4. Mastoid antrum
  5. Mastoid air cells
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8
Q

Location, parts,boundaries of tympanic cavity.

A

Medially: Labyrinth
18446744073709551615 Laterally: Tympanic membrane

Part

  1. Upper​- Attic
  2. Middle​- Mesotympanum
  3. Lower​- Hypotympanum

Boundaries/Wall

  1. Sup​- tegmen tympani
    - separate fr MCF of skull
  2. Floor​- sep fr bulb of IJV
  3. Ant​- sep fr ICA
  4. Lat​- TM & Attic
  5. Med​- Lat wall of inner ear
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9
Q

Openings and linings of the tympanic cavity.

A

Openings

  1. Auditory / Eustachian / pharyngotympanic tube
  2. Canal for tensor tympani mm
Medial Wall Openings
1. Oval window​- close by stapes
2. Round window​- close by 2° TM
Nerve
1. Tympanic branch of glossopharyngeal nn / Chorda tympani
2. Facial nerve
3. Tympanic nerve (Jacobson)

Lining

  1. Columnar ciliated
  2. Cuboidal
  3. Squamous
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10
Q

Characteristics of the ear ossicles.

A
  1. Malleus
  2. Head​- jt with incus body
  3. Neck​- jt w tendon of
    ​tensor tympani mm
  4. Anterior process
  5. Lateral process
  6. Handle​- attach to TM
  7. Incus
  8. Long process
  9. Lentiform process - jt w stapes
    head
  10. Stapes
  11. Head
  12. Neck​- jt w tendon of
    stapedius mm
  13. 2 limbs
  14. Footplate ​- fix to oval window
    by annular lig
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11
Q

Muscles and ligaments of the middle ear.

A
  1. Tensor tympani mm arise fr greater wing of sphenoid bone to neck of malleus
    nn supply: motor divison of trigeminal nn through
    Fn: draw TM medially
  2. Tendon of stapedius mm from pyramid to neck of stapes
    fn: damping movement of stapes by tilting outwards the anterior end of nn: facial nn.

Tympanic Ligaments

  1. Axis ligament
  2. Anterior ligament of malleus
  3. Posterior ligament of malleus
  4. Superior ligament of incus
  5. Superior ligament of malleus
  6. Posterior ligament of incus
  7. Annular ligament
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12
Q

AVL of the middle ear.

A 
Blood Vessel
Arteries
1. Anterior tympanic aa
1. Stylomastoid aa
1. Middle meningeal aa
1. Inferior tympanic aa
1. Caroto tympanic branch of ICA

Veins
From vv à pterygoind plexus à bulb of internal jugular vein & superior petrosal sinus

Lymphatic Drainage

  1. Retropharyngeal gland
  2. Parotid lymph gland
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13
Q

Nerves of middle ear. Facial nerve.

A

Nerve Supply

  1. Tympanic plexus
  2. Tympanic branch of glossopharyngeal nn
  3. Superior tympanic branches of sympathetic plexus of ICA
  4. Inferior tympanic branches of sympathetic plexus of ICA

Facial Nerve
From cerebellopontine angle à internal auditory meatus à processur cochleariformis à bend at right angle à above oval window & below lateral semicircular canal à aditus àturn downward behind pyramid à stylomastoid foramen.

Branches of facial nn

  1. Nn to stapedius mm
  2. Chorda tympany nn
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14
Q

Parts, Muscles,AVN and lining of the Eustachian tube.

A

Connect TC & nasopharxyn. 36mm.

Parts

  1. Cartilaginous
  2. Upper​- cartilagenous
  3. Medial​- cartilagenous
  4. Lateral​- membranous
  5. Bony - btw ICA & temporomandibular jt

Muscles
1. Tensor palati mm
swallow / yawn à open tube à main equal pressure on both side of TM

  1. Levator palati mm
    open tube

Blood Supply

  1. Ascending pharyngeal aa
  2. Middle meningeal artery
  3. Artery of pterygoid canal

Venous Drainage
Vv à pterygoid plexus

Nerve

  1. Tympanic plexus
  2. Maxillary div of trigeminal nn

Lining
Columnar ciliated epithelium

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15
Q

Classification of types of mastoid process.

A

Types

  1. Pneumatized
    i. Zygomatic
    ii. Perisinus
    iii. Retrofacial
    iiii. Periantrum
    v. Subdular
    vi. Sinodural angle
    vii. Tip
    viii. Perilabyrinth
  2. Sclerotic
  3. Diploetic
  4. Mixed
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16
Q

Characteristics of the internal ear.

A

i. Membranous labyrinth
i. Vestibular
1. 3 semicircular canal
1. Saccule
1. Utricle

i. Auditory
1. Cochlear duct / Membranous cochlear

i. Bony labyrinth

Fluid

  1. Endolymph​- inside ml
  2. Perilymph​-btw ml & bl
17
Q

Parts, openings, depressions of the bony labyrinth.

A 
BONY LABYRINTH
Part
1. Central​- Vestibule
2. Lateral​- Oval window
3. Medial​- Nn ending twd ICA

Depressions

  1. Spherical recess
  2. Elliptical recess

5 Openings To SCC At Vestibular Wall

  1. Superior
  2. Posterior
  3. Inferior

The Openings Are

  1. 2 openings at horizontal canal
  2. 1 opening at sagital vertical canal
  3. 1 opening at frontal canal
  4. 1 opening at crus commune

3 Parts Of Cochlear Coil

  1. Scala vestibule
  2. Scala tympani
  3. Scala media

Reissner membrane

18
Q

Characteristics of the membranous labyrinth.

A

5 openings
Each duct has one ampulla
Inside ampulla there is crista ampullaris
Hair cells of crista project into the cupula
Utricle occupy elliptical recess
Saccule occupy spherical recess
Inside utricle & saccule there is ampulla which connect with otoliths.
Endolymphatic duct from utricle to endolymphatic sac.
Endolymphatic sac btw dura mater layers.

19
Q

Characteristics of the membranous cochlea.

A

Coiled by the modioulus.
Floor is the basilar membrane.
Lateral = Stria vascularis
Roof = Reissner’s membrane.

Narrowed part connect to the saccule by ductus reunions.

Fluid
Endolymph = increased K

20
Q

Organ of Corti, AVN.

A

Hearing sense organ
Situated on Basilar membrane

Integral Structure of OOC

  1. Basilar membrane
  2. Tectorial membrane

BLOOD SUPPLY
1. Labyrinth artery

VENOUS
Labyrinth vv à inferior petrosal sinus / sigmoid sinus
Small vvà aquaduct of vestibule à sup petrosal sinus
Small vv -à cochlea à sup & inf petrosal sinus

NERVE SUPPPLY
1. Vestibulocochlear / acoustic nn
1. Cochlear part
Central - in modiolus
Peripheral - pierce bony to reach hair cells of OOC
  1. Vestibular part
  2. Superior
  3. Inferior
21
Q

Physiological function of the external ear.

A

Collect air vibration.

Collect sound wave (auricle)

EAM = pass sound to the tympanic membrane.

22
Q

Physiological function of the middle ear.

A

Convert air vibration to fluid vibration

Tympanic membrane
Set vibration motion

Malleus & Incus
Rotate around common fulcrum & transmit vibration to stapes

Stapes
Pass vibration at oval window ti be set up in endolymphatic & perilymphatic compartments of inner ear.
At same time, reciprocal changes of oval and round window.

23
Q

Physiological function of the inner ear.

A

From stapes
Displacement of basilar membrane & shearing of tectorial membrane of OOC.
Initiate nn impulse in auditory nn fiber.

Cochlear Duct
Basal portion - High frequency
Apex - Low frequency

Hair Cells Of OOC
Generation of nn impulse to sound

Nerve Fibers
Send impulse to brain stem à cortex à perception of sound.

24
Q

Protective function of the stapedius and tensor tympani mm.

A

contract when theres loud sound à stiffen up conducting mechanism à protect damage of inner ear

25
Q

Physiology of the vestibular apparatus.

A

Semicircular canals
Utricle
Saccule

Linear acceleration
Utricle
Saccule

Angular rotation
Semicircular canals
Accelerate to right à endolymph to left

Decrease nn rate impulse
Endolymph away fr cupula
Acceleration to the left on right horizontal canal

Increase Nn Impulse Rate
Endolymph to cupula
Acceleration to right on right horizontal canal

Eye Movement
Nistagmus

Symptoms of damage of the labyrinth 
Sensation of rotation
Nystagmus
Nausea
Pallor
Sweating

ENT (6 decks)

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