Lesson 3

Question 1

is a term that also describes the scientific and objective study of animal behaviour, usually referring to measured responses to stimuli or trained behavioural responses in a laboratory context

Answer 1

Behaviourism

Question 2

3 categorization of behavior

Answer 2

1. classical conditioning
2. operant behaviour
3. instrumental
   behaviour.

Question 3

occurs in an individual naturally or developed after a
learning process due to environmental influence or contingencies of
the outcome.

Answer 3

Behaviour

Question 3

Natural behaviours in a species occur by birth which otherwise known
as

For example, a dog will salivate the first time— and every time—it is
exposed to food

Answer 3

innate behaviour

Question 4

The innate behaviours are usually stereotype and called as

occur in a predictable, inflexible
sequence in response to an appropriate stimulus from the environment

Answer 4

fixed
action pattern (FAP).

Question 5

Therefore it is true say that the ____________ nurtures the learned behavior in an animal.

Answer 5

environment

Question 6

Innate behaviors occur naturally in all members of a species whenever they are exposed to a certain

Answer 6

stimulus

Question 7

Innate behavior is also known as:

Answer 7

instinctive behaviors

Question 8

is the ability of an animal to perform a behavior the first
time it is exposed to the proper stimulus.

Answer 8

instinct

Question 9

As mentioned above, a fixed action pattern (FAP) is an instinctive behavioral sequence produced by a neural network known as the innate releasing mechanism (IRM) in response to an external
sensory stimulus called the _________

Answer 9

sign stimulus or releaser

Question 10

Kelp Gull chicks peck at a red spot on their mother’s
beak to stimulate the regurgitating reflex,
another example of ?

Answer 10

fixed action pattern.

Question 11

An example of how FAPs work in animal communication is the classic investigation by Austrian ethologist Karl von Frisch of the so-called ________ underlying bee communication

Answer 11

“dance language”

Question 12

is a process of gathering it’s a process of acquiring
information or knowledge from surroundings.

Answer 12

Learning

Question 13

It also depends on the outcome after a particular response. In general, a _________ _____ is one that an organism develops as a result of experience

Answer 13

Learnedf behavior

Question 14

can occur with no outside reinforcement it simply learns by observing and mimicking. Animals are able to learn individual behaviors as well as entire behavioral repertoires through observation

Answer 14

Observational learning

Question 15

• There are two types of learning, namely :

Answer 15

non-associative and associative learning

Question 16

is a mode of learning which lacks any association with positive or negative reinforcement

animals show some degree of non-associative learning.
* It includes habituation and sensitization

Answer 16

Non-associative learning

Question 17

refers to a gradual decrease in behavioral responses with
repeated encounters of a particular stimulus.

Answer 17

Habituation

Question 18

What can revive a response after it has been eliminated due to habituation?

Answer 18

‘novel stimulus’,

Question 19

What is the term for the phenomenon in which habituation disappears?

Answer 19

dishabituation

Question 20

What is demonstrated when young turkey chicks initially react to a hawk-shaped silhouette but stop responding after repeated exposure?

Answer 20

Habituation

Question 21

refers to an increase in behavioral responses
following repeated applications of a particular stimulus.

very little noble stimulation is then required
to produce exceedingly large effects.

Answer 21

sensitization

Question 22

was one of the first to study the neural basis of
sensitization, conducting experiments in the 1960s and 1970s on the gill withdrawal reflex of the seaslug Aplysia

Answer 22

Eric Kandel

Question 23

is any learning process in which a new response
becomes associated with a particular stimulus.

term has been used to describe virtually all
learning except simple habituation.

Answer 23

Associative learning

Question 24

is a Conditioned behaviors is the result of associative learning

Answer 24

Classical conditioning

Question 25

In 1902, the Russian physiologist, ________ began his famousexperiments on conditioning presented a dog with food following the ringing of a bell.

Answer 25

Ivan Pavlov

Question 26

called the food an ______ _______, or UCS, because the dog's normal reaction would be to salivate at the presentation of food.

Answer 26

unconditional stimulus

Question 27

bell he termed the __________ ___, because response to the bell was conditional upon the association between the bell and food.

Answer 27

conditional stimulus, or CS

Question 28

salivation in response to food was labeled the

Answer 28

unconditional response, or UCR

Question 29

while salivation in response to the bell was called the

Answer 29

conditional response, or CR.

Question 30

is a conditioned behaviors is the result of associative learning. ## Footnote unassociated behavior becomes associated with a reward.

Answer 30

Operant conditioning

Question 31

example of operant conditioning

Answer 31

B.F. Skinner designed an apparatus called a "Skinner box" to test the interaction between UCS and CS. A rat was placed inside the Skinner box; if the rat pressed down a lever inside the box then the box would release a food pellet. Soon, the rat pressed the lever far more often than he would just by chance.

Question 32

describes any kind of phase-sensitive learning (i.e., learning that occurs at a particular age or life stage) during which an animal learns the characteristics of some stimulus, which is therefore said to be "imprinted" onto the subject.

Answer 32

Imprinting

Question 33

imprinting must occur in a ________.

Answer 33

critical or sensitive period of life

Question 34

The best known form of imprinting is______ __________, in which a young animal learns the characteristics of its parent.

Answer 34

filial imprinting

Question 35

demonstrated how incubator-hatched geese would imprint on the first suitable moving stimulus they saw within what he called a critical period of about 36 hours shortly after hatching

Answer 35

Conrad Lorenz

Question 36

occurs at a later stage of development, is the process by which a young animal learns the characteristics of a desirable mate.

Answer 36

Sexual imprinting

Question 37

imprinting has also observed: when two individuals live in close domestic proximity during their early years, both are desensitized to later sexual attraction. ## Footnote phenomenon, known as the Westermarck effect, has probably evolved to suppress inbreeding

Answer 37

Reverse sexual

Question 38

found that the chimps were capable of abstract thought and could think their way through possible solutions to a puzzle, envisioning the result of a solution even before they carried it out.

Answer 38

German scientist Wolfgang Köhler