Lesson 3 Flashcards
What are the four levels of protein structure?
Primary: Sequence of amino acids.
Secondary: Alpha helices and beta sheets (formed by hydrogen bonds in the backbone).
Tertiary: 3D conformation of a single polypeptide chain.
Quaternary: Assembly of multiple polypeptide chains.
What type of bonds contribute to tertiary structure?
Hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and disulfide bonds.
What gives amino acids their unique properties?
Their side chains (R groups).
What type of protein is lysozyme, and what does it do?
Lysozyme is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of sugars in bacterial cell walls.
How do enzymes lower activation energy?
By stabilizing the transition state and reducing the energy required for a reaction to proceed.
Which bond type describes the bond between H and O in water?
Polar covalent bond.
Which bond type holds NaCl together?
Ionic bond.
What type of bond forms between amino acids in a polypeptide chain?
Peptide bond (covalent).
What is a protein domain?
A conserved part of a protein’s sequence and tertiary structure that can evolve, function, and exist independently.
What structural level describes antibodies composed of four polypeptide chains?
Quaternary structure.
Which microscopy technique is best for visualizing protein folds?
Ribbon model.
What does a space-filling protein model show?
The surface of the protein, including exposed amino acids.
Where would non-polar side chains be found on a channel protein?
In regions interacting with the lipid membrane.
Which side chains are likely to form hydrogen bonds?
Side chains of polar amino acids.
What is the UAS/Gal4 system used for in fruit flies?
To investigate gene function by controlling the expression of a gene of interest.
What are the ‘find it, move it, lose it’ experiments?
Methods to understand gene function by observing expression, overexpressing, or knocking out a gene.
True or False: One water molecule contains two hydrogen bonds.
False. A single water molecule forms covalent bonds between H and O atoms, and hydrogen bonds form between water molecules.
