Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

psychology 2 > lesson 3 > Flashcards

lesson 3 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

sensory system

A

responsible for providing info about surrounding to navigate and interact with our environment

  • sensation: info we receive from sensory system
  • perception: completion of sensation, with the interpretation and meaning-giving to the infor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

sensation

A
  • sensory receptors: specialised neurons that respond to specific types of stimuli
  • sensation: occurs when sensory receptors detect sensory stimuli
  • transduction: conversion of the energy from stimuli to an action potential which is sent to the CNS
  • vision
  • hearing
  • smell
  • taste
  • touch
  • balance
  • body position, proprioception
  • movement
  • pain
  • temperature
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

subliminal messages

A

messages presented below the treshold of conscious awareness
-> stimulus causes an action potential but we are not consciously aware of it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

just noticeable difference (JND)

A

minimum difference in stimuli required to detect a change or difference between stimuli

  • can change depending on stimulus intesity
    cell phone in theatre seems more bright than in daylight
    -> JND is the minimum increase in brightness required for the change to be detected
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

amplitude and wavelength

A
  • visual and auditory stimuli both occur in waves
  • amplitude: height of the wave from peak to trough
  • wavelength: peak to peak
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

frequency

A

number of waves that pass a given point in a given time period
- hertz

  • directly related to wavelength
    longer wavelength have lower frequencies
    shorter wavelength have higher frequencies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

light waves

A
  • visible spectrum: 380-740 nm of electromagnetic spectrum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

perception of colour

A
  • different wavelength of light are associated with perception of different colours
  • longer wavelength: red
  • intermediate: green
  • shorter: blues and violets
  • amplitudes is associated with brightness/intensity of colour
    -> larger amplitudes appear brighter
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

soundwaves

A
  • pitch: frequency of soundwaves
  • high frequency: high-pitched
  • audible range: 20-2000Hz
  • loudness: amplitude of soundwaves
  • higher amplitude: louder sounds
  • measured in decibels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

vision

A
  • light waves transmitted across cornea and enter pupil
  • pupil size controlled by muscles connected to iris
  • light crosses the lens, focused on fovea (part of retina)
    -> fovea contains photorecepters
  • photoreceptors connected to retinal ganglion cells -> axon exit and form the optic nerve
  • optic nerve carries visual info to the brain
  • blind spot: point with no receptors -> no response to visual information
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

photoreceptors

A

cones:
- phototopic daytime vision
- best in bright light
- high-acuity colour info
- in fovea

rods:
- scotopic nighttime vision
- best in low light
- high sensitivity
- low-acuity vision in dim light
- perception of movement in peripheral vision
- located in periphery of retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

optic chiasm

A
  • optic nerve of each eye merges at optic chiasm -> X-shaped, below the cerebral cortex
  • right visual field -> left hemisphere and vice versa
  • info is sent to occipital lobe for processing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

visual pathways

A
  • from occipital lobe, 2 pathways:
  1. the what pathway: object recognition and identification
  2. where/how pathway: location in space, how one might interact with particular visual stimulus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

colour theory

A
  • trichromatic theory:
    all colours produced by combining red, green and blue
    applies to retina, where colour vision is controlled by 3 types of cones
  • opponent-process theory:
    color is coded in opponent pairs:
    black and white, yellow and blue, green and red
    applies to cells after the retina
    supported by the afterimage phenomenon ( continuation of visual sensation after removal of the stimulus)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

depth perception

A

ability to perceive spatial relationships in 3D

depth cues:
- binocular cues: cue that relies on the use of both eyes
- binocular disparity: slightly different view of the world that each eye receives

  • monocular cues: cue that relies on only one eye
  • linear perspective: when two parallel lines seem to converge
  • interposition: partial overlap of objects
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

auditory system

A

3 divisions:
- outer: pinna and tympanic membrane
- middle: 3 ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)
- inner: cochlea and basilar membrane

auditory transduction:
- soundwave travels along auditory canal and strike tympanic membrane -> vibration
- 3 ossicles vibrate and presses stapes into oval window of cochlea
- fluid inside cochlea moves and stimulated hair cells (sensory receptors) and become activated
- hair cells generate neural impulses that travel to auditory nerve
- info sent to inferior colliculus, then medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus, then auditory cortex in temporal lobe

17
Q

hearing loss

A
  • deafness: partial or complete inability to hear
  • congenital deafness: from birth
  • conductive hearing loss: failure in vibration of eardrum and/or movement of ossicles
    -> hearing aids amplify incoming sound waves to make vibration
  • causes: age, genetic predisposition
  • sensineural hearing loss: failure to transmit neural signals from cochlea to the brain
    -> can be caused by meniere’s disease (degeneration of inner ear structures) or environmental effects (extreme noise, illness, infections)
18
Q

taste, gustation

A
  • 6 groupings: sweet, salte, sour, bitter, umami and fatty content
  • taste buds: groupings of taste receptor cells with hair-like extensions that protrude into the central pore of the taste bud (life cycle: 10 days to 2 weeks)
  • transduction:
    1. taste molecule bind to receptors -> chemical change within sensory cell
    2. changes result in neural impulses sent to the brain
19
Q

smell, olfaction

A
  • olfactory receptor cells: have small hair-like extensions as sites of odor molecules to interact with chemical receptors located on these extensions (located in mucous membrane at the top of the nose)
  • transduction:
    1. odor molecule binds to receptor -> chemical changes sends signal to olfactory bulb (begin of olfactory nerves)
    2. info sent to limbic system and primary olfactory cortex
  • pheromones: chemical messages sent by another individual
    -> usually communicate info about reproductive status of a potential mate
20
Q

touch

A
  • many types of sensory receptors located in skin, each attuned to specific touch-related stimuli
  • meisnerr’s corpuscles
  • pacinian corpuscles
  • merkel’s disks
  • ruffini corpuscles
21
Q

thermoception and nociception

A
  • free nerve endings with sensory functions in the skin
  • info travels through spinal cord directly to the brain (medulla, thalamus, somatosensory cortex)
  • pain perception:
    to motivate us to remove ourselves from the cause of injury
  • inflammatory pain: signals some type of tissue damage
  • neropathic pain: damage to neurons of either peripheral or central nervous system
  • congenital insensitivity to pain: rare genetic disorder, can detect differences in temp and pressure
22
Q

vestibular sense

A

contributes to our ability to maintain balance and body posture

  • located next to cochlea in the inner ear
  • fluid-filled, contain hair cells which respond to movement of head and gravitational forces
  • maculae: linear acceleration -> tilting head
    difference in inertia between hair cell stereocilia and otolithic membrane -> shearing force that causes the stereocilia to bend in linear acceleration
23
Q

proprioception and kinesthesia

A
  • vestibular system
  • info for controlling movement and reflexes that move body parts to compensate for change in body position
  • proprioception, kinesthesia interact with info from vestibular system
  • proprioception: body position
  • kinesthesia: body movement through space
  • info travels via spinal cord to brain -> from brain to sensory organs of proprioceptive and kinesthetic system (feedback)
24
Q

perception

A

how we interpret the info that ultimately affects how we interact with the world

perception: way that sensory info is interpreted, organised, and consciously experienced

2 forms of processing:
- bottom-up processing: perceptions are built from sensory input
- top-down processing: sensation info influenced by available knowledge, experiences and thoughts

25
Q

factors affecting perception

A
  1. sensory adaptation: not perceiving stimuli that remain relatively constant over prolonged periods of time
    - eg becoming unaware of the clock ticking after a while
  2. attention
    - inattentional blindness: failure to notice sth that is visible due to a lack of or selective attention
  3. motivation
    - when we are motivated to hear sth -> we think we hear it
    - signal detection theory: change in stimulus detection as a function of current mental state
  4. beliefs, values, prejudices, expectations
    - people with positive attitude towards low fat food are more likely to rate low fat foods as tasting better
  5. life/cultural experiences
    - muller-lyer illusion: people from western cultures (buildings with straight lines) are more likely to experience certain types of visual illusions than other people from non-western cultures (live around round huts)
26
Q

gestalt principles of perception

A
  • gestalt psychology: field of psych based on the idea that the whole is different from the sum of its parts
  • brain creates perception that is more than simply the sum of available sensory inputs
    -> principles by which we organise sensory info

includes:
- figure-ground relationship
- proximity
- similarity
- continuity
- closure

27
Q

figure-ground relationship

A

idea that we tend to segment our visual world into figure and ground

  • figure: focus on visual field
  • ground: background
  • perception can vary depending on what we view as figure and what as ground
28
Q

proximity

A

idea that things that are close to one another tend to be grouped together

29
Q

similarity

A

idea that things are alike tend to be grouped together

30
Q

continuity

A

idea that we are more likely to perceive continuous, smooth flowing lines rather than jagged, broken lines

31
Q

closure

A

idea that we organise our perceptions into complete objects rather than a series of parts

32
Q

implicit bias and perception

A

perception is built from senses and influenced by experiences, biases and culture

psychology 2 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions