lesson 3

Question 1

german thinker regarded by many as the most significant philosopher in the modern era

Answer 1

immanuel kant

Question 2

immanuel kant contribution to ethics

Answer 2

1. the foundation of the metaphysics of morals
2. critique of practical reason

Question 3

based on kant, ____ is what deems an action ethical or otherwise

Answer 3

reason

Question 4

for kant, it is the ____ which is the highest good and the condition of all other goods

Answer 4

good will

Question 5

this is the only intrinsically good. the only thing which is good without qualification

Answer 5

good will

Question 6

refers to the feeling that pushes us to select a particular option or to make a particular decision. tendency to do, favor, or want something.

Answer 6

inclination

Question 7

which we ought to do despite our inclination or ‘taste’ to do otherwise

Answer 7

duty/obligation

Question 8

kants beliec that it is one’s duty to act on principle or _____, as contrasted to simply acting on impulse

Answer 8

maxim

Question 9

____ is a general rule or principle which serves as a guide to action

Answer 9

maxim

Question 10

maxim of conduct into 2 classes

Answer 10

1. hypothetical
2. categorical imperatives

Question 11

should be understood as a command of reason

Answer 11

imperative

Question 12

entails beings true only under some conditions, and therefore not universally true or valid

Answer 12

hypothetical

Question 13

how a reason orders one to achieve one’s specific ends

Answer 13

hypothetical imperative

Question 14

commands a person to act in particular ways regardless of what goal one looks for or what one’s end may be

Answer 14

categorical imperative

Question 15

most famous categorical imperative. “act only on that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law.”

Answer 15

universalizability

Question 16

“so act as to use humanity, both in your own person and in the person of every other, always at the same time as an end, never simply as a means.”

Answer 16

end-in-itself

Question 17

(kant) ______ as resting on the attainment of moral character, and thus not on things like progress in scientific advances

Answer 17

human dignity

Question 18

“government must approach the making and enforcement of laws with the right intention in respect to tho the end goal of the society it governs……”

Answer 18

rights theory

Question 19

a broad moral theory in which kant’s principle of rights theory is included.

Answer 19

right-based ethics

Question 20

“there are some rights, both positive and negative, that all humans have based only on the fact that they are human. these rights can be natural or conventional…”

Answer 20

right-based ethics

Question 21

those that are moral while conventional, those created by humans reflect society’s values

Answer 21

right based ethics

Question 22

example of right based ethics

Answer 22

1. the right of life
2. the right of liberty
3. the right to pursue happiness
4. the right to a jury trial
5. the right to a lawyer
6. the right to freely practice a religion of choice
7. the right to express opinions with freedom
8. the right of indiv. or organizations to express opinions freely in written medium
9. the right to come together and meet I order to achieve goals
   10.

Question 23

philosopher, one of the main supporters of this system which takes the viewpoint of what the ideal world looks like and generates a rights system based upon those ideas

Answer 23

john locke

Question 24

document that characterizes the types of rights that are embraced by rights-based ethical system

Answer 24

bill of rights

Question 25

justifies the claim that individuals and groups can make upon other individuals or upon society: to have a ____ is to be in a position to determine by one;s choices, what others should do or need to do”

Answer 25

right

Question 26

denotes all the rights found within existing legal codes

Answer 26

legal rights

Question 27

are rights that exist prior to and independently from their legal counterparts

Answer 27

moral rights