Lesson 3

Question 1

According to James Spradley’s “Participant observation”, Cultural behavior is?

Answer 1

collective (shared by everyone)

Question 2

According to James Spradley’s “Participant observation”, Cultural artifacts are?

Answer 2

“the things people shape or make from natural resources”

Question 3

According to James Spradley’s “Participant observation”, Questions of what culture is?

Answer 3

from its advent and development.

Question 4

the work of describing a culture

Answer 4

Ethnography

Question 5

What is the central aim of ethnography?

Answer 5

to understand another way of life from the native point of view.

Question 6

According to Malinowski, the goal of ethnography is:

Answer 6

“to grasp the native’s point of view, his relation to life, to realize his vision of his world”

Question 7

Ethnograhy also means:

Answer 7

learning from people

Question 8

It involves the disciplined study of what the world is like to people (via what one sees, hears, speaks, thinks and acts)

Answer 8

Fieldwork

Question 9

What is ethnographic fieldwork?

Answer 9

Understanding another way of life or culture by learning from people, and basing the learnings from what we see, hear, how they act and etc.

Question 10

What should we set aside in order to understand one’s way of living?

Answer 10

Naive realism (ethnocentrism?)

(almost a Universal belief)

Question 11

Who is a naive realist?

Answer 11

Someone who assumes that love, snow, marriage, worship, animals, death, food, and hundreds of other things have essentially the same meaning to all human beings. (basically same for all)

Question 12

These systems: people make constant use of these complex meaning systems to organize their behavior, to understand themselves and others, and to make sense out of the world in which they live—always implies a?

Answer 12

Theory of Culture

Question 13

Three Fundamental Aspects of Human Experience

Answer 13

> What people do – Cultural Behavior
What people know – Cultural Knowledge
The things people make and use – Cultural artifacts

Question 14

What is the fundamental importance of cultural knowledge?

Answer 14

we all use it constantly to generate behavior and interpret our experience;

Question 15

Cultural knowledge can be communicated by language (True or false)

Answer 15

True

(we can make inferences with great ease, like the use of instructions)

Question 16

Two Levels of Consciousness
(in cultural knowledge)

Answer 16

> Explicit – With awareness
Tacit – Outside of awareness

Question 17

A theory that explains/analyzes human behavior to find meanings. (SI)

Answer 17

Symbolic Interactionism

Question 18

(Symbolic Interactionism Premises
(according to the sociologists, Colley, Mead, and Thomas))
“Human beings act toward things on the basis of the meanings that the things have for them” (cited from Spradley’s, 969:2)

Answer 18

Every object that has meanings is all symbols

Question 19

(Symbolic Interactionism Premises
(according to the sociologists, Colley, Mead, and Thomas))
“Culture, as a shared system of meanings, is learned, revised, maintained, and defined in the context of people interacting”

Answer 19

Meanings are created from social interactions

Question 20

(Symbolic Interactionism Premises
(according to the sociologists, Colley, Mead, and Thomas))
“Meanings are handled in, and modified through, an interpretive process used by the person dealing with the things he encounters”

Answer 20

Meanings are interpreted based on the individual’s encounters.

Question 21

Symbolic Interactionism (interpretive process): we can think of culture as?

Answer 21

a cognitive map

(It serves as a guide for acting and for interpreting our experience; it does not compel us to follow a particular course.)