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Variations > Lesson 3 > Flashcards

Lesson 3 Flashcards

1
Q

The study of how body regulates itself to maintain a constant normal internal environment

A

Homeostasis

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2
Q

Although external conditions change, internal condition stay within narrow range. T or F?

A

True

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3
Q

The relative constancy of the body’s internal environment

A

Homeostasis

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4
Q

Potential of Hydrogen

A

H+

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5
Q

Name the two components which describe the chemical property of substances

A

Acidic and basic

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6
Q

What’s acidic ?

A

A substances when added to water produces H+ ions

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7
Q

What’s base

A

A substance when added to water produces OH- ions

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8
Q

Mixing acids and bases can cancel out or neutralize their extreme effects. True or False

A

True

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9
Q

Substance that is neither acidic nor basic is known as

A

Neutral

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10
Q

What is the ph scale range?

A

0-14

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11
Q

What is the pH of acid?

A

<7

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12
Q

Ph of base

A

<7

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13
Q

Neutral pH

A

7

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14
Q

Ideal pH of body

A

7-8

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15
Q

PH of blood

A

7.4 (alkaline)

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16
Q

What’s pH balance ?

A

Amount of acidity = alkalinity around 7

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17
Q

Acidic body is healthy and allows disease to not grow

A

False

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18
Q

What are the 2 causes of acidic envt

A
  • inflammation
  • cancer and other degenerative diseases have affinity towards acidic envt
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19
Q

Minerals in body that have electric charge

A

Electrolyte

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20
Q

Where are electrolytes found?

A
  • blood
  • urine
    -Body fluids
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21
Q

Why right balance of electrolytes needed?

A
  • Body’s blood chemistry
  • muscle action
  • other processes
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22
Q

Level of electrolyte can be high/ low depending on

A

Amount of water

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23
Q

Name the types of electrolytes.

A
  • Sodium
  • calcium
  • potassium
  • chlorine
  • phosphate
  • magnesium
    Got from foods and fluids.
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24
Q

Where is sodium mostly found?

A

Outside the cell- plasma

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25
Q

What is the significant part of water regulation?

A

Sodium

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26
Q

Sodium function

A
  • Electrical signals in the body
  • allows muscles to fire and the brain to work
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27
Q

Where is potassium found?

A

Inside the cells of the body.

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28
Q

How does muscle and brain function?

A
  • Difference in the concentration from within cell compared to the plasma
  • generate electrical impulses.
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29
Q

What is The function of calcitonin

A
  • promotes bone growth
  • decreases calcium levels in blood
  • inhibits osteoclasts
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30
Q

What is the function of PTH?

A

Calcium level ⬆️
Activates osteoclasts

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31
Q

Function of magnesium

A
  • Relaxation of smooth muscles (surround lungs)
  • skeletal muscle contraction
  • excitation of neurons
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32
Q

Which electron is the important cofactor of body’s enzyme

A

Magnesium

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33
Q

Electron whose function is acid-base status of the body

A

HCO3

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34
Q

Lungs regulate ____ and kidneys regulate _____

A

Co2 and HCO3

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35
Q

Purpose, of inflammatory response

A

Restoration of health and maintaining homeostasis

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36
Q

restoration of health advantages

A
  • Neutralize and eliminate offending agents
  • destroy necrotic tissue
  • prepare tissue for repair
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37
Q

Define inflammation

A

Tissue injury caused by
physical
chemical agent
pathogenic microorganisms

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38
Q

When a tissue is damaged now many steps occur?

A

Five

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39
Q

What are the inflammatory responses ?

A
  1. Capillary widening
  2. Increased capillary permeability
  3. Attraction of WBC
  4. Systemic response
  5. Increased bf
  6. Release of fluid
  7. Migration of WBC to injury
  8. Fever and proliferation of WBC
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40
Q

Causes of inflammation

A
  1. Infectious microorganisms
  2. Trauma , surgery
  3. Caustic chemicals
  4. Extremes of heat & cold
  5. Ischemic damage to body tissues
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41
Q

Factors affecting inflammation

A
  1. Blood supply
  2. Bone marrow function
  3. Protein synthesis
    4.Medications
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42
Q

Factors involved in protective responses and bodily repair

A
  1. Inflammatory rx
    2.immune response
  2. Tissue repair
  3. Wound healing
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43
Q

Name the 2 types of inflammation

A

1.Chronic inflammation
2.Acute inflammation

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44
Q

____ changes may occur with inflammation

A

Vascular

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45
Q

Disease stage resulting from the entry and multiplication of pathogen in tissues of host causing body to manifest clinical signs and symptoms

A

Infection

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46
Q

Immunity is specific. T/F?

A

True

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47
Q

Inflammation is specific. T/f?

A

False. Inflammation is non-specific

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48
Q

Some thing that blocks or clogs preventing passage.

A

Obstruction

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49
Q

Physical injury caused by violent action externally or toxic substance internally is

A

Trauma

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50
Q

What is the external, internal cause of trauma

A

Internal- toxic substance
External - violent action

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51
Q

Define cancer.

A
  • Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells.
  • invasion around surrounding tissue
  • metasize to distantsites
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52
Q

Genetic makeup is known as

A

Genetics

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53
Q

Cancer is uncontrolled growth of normal cells. True/false?

A

False-cancer is uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells.

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54
Q

Birth defect, present regardless or cause

A

Congenital condition

55
Q

Deterioration and loss of functional ability

A

Degeneration

56
Q

What is the effect of immobility in skin and cardiovascular

A

Skin - Pressure sore
CV- BF , BP ⬇️ -pulmonary embolism,thrombosis.

57
Q

Effects of immobility on psychological and lungs.

A

Psych- depression poor sleep, behaviour changes
Lungs - Reid retention, atelectasis, pneumonia

58
Q

Effects of immobility in GI and MSK

A

GI- Appetite , peristalsis , metabolic rate 🔽
MSK- atrophy,contracture, strength ; muscle mass ⬇️

59
Q

Effect of immobility on GU

A

Urinary retention, UTI; renal calculi (kidney stone) ⬆️

60
Q

Mild- severe inflammatory response to an irritant, systemic immune dis order

A

Allergic rx

61
Q

How does the body work in response to inflammation.

A
  1. Neutralize
  2. Eliminate antigens
  3. Destroy necrotic tissue
  4. Prepare tissue for repair.
62
Q

How many process are there in inflammatory response?

A
  1. Local vasodilation
    2 chemical mediators released
  2. Phagocytosis
  3. Exudate formation
  4. Tissue repair aka tissue reparative process
63
Q

What is local vasodilation?

A

Arterioles dilate
Bf ⬆️ affected area
Redness , warmth

64
Q

What is the second process or inflammatory response?

A

Chemical mediators released.

65
Q

What are the chemicals released by immune system known as

A

Inflammatory mediators

66
Q

Name 2 hormones in inflammatory mediator.

A

I. Bradykinin
2. Histamine

67
Q

What happens when blood vessels widen?

A

More blood gets into the affected tissue.
Chemical Signals enter extracellular fluid and causes capillaries to dilate & cap walls to be more permeable

68
Q

Name the third process of inflammatory response.

A

Phagocytosis

69
Q

What happens in phagocytosis

A

Neutrophils and monocytes ingest and destroy microorganisms

70
Q

____ is fundamental for tissue homeostasis

A

Phagocytosis

71
Q

_____ response occurs with minor injury

A

Immediate transient

72
Q

_____ response occurs with more serious injury

A

Immediate sustained

73
Q

Response which occurs 4-24 hrs after injury

A

Delayed hemodynamics

74
Q

Delayed hemodynamic response involves _____

A

Capillary permeability

75
Q

What are the fluid mechanism in response to inflammation?

A
  1. Dilation of local arteries
  2. Bf, pressure⬆️
    4,vascular permeability ⬆️ protein leak
  3. Viscosity of blood ⬆️
    6.response of surrounding tissue to injury
  4. Injury = cap perm ⬆️
76
Q

What happens when a splinter enters your finger?

A
  • bacteria and viruses gain access
  • body initiate inflammatory response
77
Q

What response is initiated when a splinter enters finger

A

Inflammatory response

78
Q

When is inflammatory response released ?

A

When damaged or infected cells release chemical alarm signals

79
Q

What happens after the inflammatory response?

A
  • The signals increases blood v’essels to dilate
  • more blood is forced into the infected area
  • more fluid leak out from capillaries near injury
  • this causes swelling redness.
80
Q

What happens after fluid leak?

A

WBC attracted by chemical alarm signals
Move from blood to injured area - through leaky, swollen cap
WBC attack invading patho and consume dead/infected cells
Temp ⬆️ heat ⬆️ suppresses bacterial growth

81
Q

5 cardinal signs of inflammation

A

I. redness
2.swelling
3 Heat
4 pain
5. Loss of function

82
Q

Name 3 systemic manifestations of inflammation.

A
  1. Alteration in WBC count (leukocytosis /leukopenia)
  2. Sepsis (fever present)
    3.septic shock -severe death
83
Q

Acute inflammation is

A

Self-limited/ localized

84
Q

Chronic inflammation is transient.t/f?

A

False. Long term

85
Q

What are 3 features of acute responses?

A

-short duration
- infiltration of neutrophils
- exudate

86
Q

What are the 3 features of chronic inflammation?

A
  • Last for weeks months or years
  • infiltration of mononuclear cells and lymphocytes
  • proliferation of fibroblasts
87
Q

Cellular stage of acute inflammation is

A

Movement of WBC (leukocytes) into area of injury

88
Q

Cardinal symptoms of chronic inflammation is found in

A
  • cv disease
  • diabetes
  • cancer
  • neurological disorders
  • chronic inflammatory disorders
    -Bone and muscular and skeletal diseases
  • metabolic complications
89
Q

How many phases of tissue reparative process are there?

A

Three

90
Q

Name the phases of tissue reparative process

A
  1. Inflammatory
  2. Proliferative
  3. Remodeling
91
Q

When the tissue is first injured, BV in damaged areas

A

Constrict = vasoconstriction ( to minimize blood flow)

92
Q

Name the fissile which is the foundation of scar tissue development

A

Granulation tissue

93
Q

Name the reparative phase which begins within 3 days of injury

A

Proliferative

94
Q

What happens in Proliferative phase?

A

Building new tissues
Fibroblasts synthesize and secrete collagen = aid BV FORMATION
Fibroblasts+ vasc endo cells begin to proliferate = granulation tissue

95
Q

Remodelling phase begins ___

A

Approx 3 weeks after injury

96
Q

Remodelling lasts for ____ months depending on ____

A

3-6 months ; extend of wound

97
Q

Remodelling is also known as

A

maturation phase

98
Q

What happens in remodelling phase?

A

-ongoing collagen synthesis- increase tissue strength

-Tissue contracts with help of fibroblasts
-granulation tissue formation
-orientation of scar= tensile ⬆️

99
Q

If healing is secondary intention ( wound left open)

A

Wound contraction takes place

100
Q

What are the 2 outcomes of inflammatory response?

A

Resolution & repair

101
Q

When is resolution outcome activated

A

Little damage

102
Q

When is repair outcome activated

A

Moderate - severe damage

103
Q

Name the 2 replacement

A

Regeneration - replacement of tissue
Scar formation - replacement with connective tissue

104
Q

Immunity controls ____…

A

Inflammation

105
Q

Inflammation allows _____ to happen

A

Immunity

106
Q

Name the 6 types of infection

A
  1. Bacterial
  2. Fungal
  3. Viral
  4. Protozoan
  5. Mycoplasma
  6. Prion
107
Q

What’s mycoplasma

A

Organism without cell wall

108
Q

Name 2 obstructions of infection

A
  1. Blockage in body
  2. Maybe sudden or gradual
109
Q

Name 3 obstructions

A
  1. Airway
  2. Intestinal
  3. UT
110
Q

What’s airway obstructions

A

Blockage of airway
Prevents passage of 02 and co2

111
Q

What are causes of airway obstruction?

A
  1. Inflammation of infection
  2. Allergic rx
  3. Injury
  4. Foreign object
112
Q

What is intestinal obstruction?

A
  1. Blockage of gi tract
  2. Prevent the passage of GI contents
113
Q

What are the causes of obstruction in GI tract?

A
  1. Hernia
  2. Intussusception
  3. Volvulus
  4. Adhesions
  5. Tumour
  6. Fecal Impaction
114
Q

Obstruction in urinary tract causes

A
  • urine obstruction
  • backward flow of fluid into kidneys ( hydronephrosis)- kidney enlarges kidney atrophy if left untreated. If one side = hypertrophy
115
Q

What are the causes of urinary obstruction

A

-kidney stone
-Enlarged Prostate

116
Q

What’s trauma

A

Physical damage caused by external source.

117
Q

Give and example of traumatic brain injury

A

Concussion

118
Q

2 types of chest trauma

A
  • penetrating (fatal)
    -blunt

Thoracic wall contusion, laceration, puncture of lungs

119
Q

What’s spinal cord injury

A

Temp or permanent damage of body parts

120
Q

C4 injury is known as

A

Quadriplegia/tetraplegia

121
Q

C6 injury is

A

Partial paralysis of hands and arms

122
Q

T6 injury is known as

A

Paraplegia below chest paralysis

123
Q

L1 injury is

A

Paraplegia - paralysis below waist

124
Q

Name 2 tumour

A

Benign
Malignant

125
Q

What’s benign tumour

A
  • cells grow locally
  • no invasion / metastasis
126
Q

What’s malignant cancer cells

A

Invade neighbouring tissues , BV
Metastasize to diff sites

127
Q

What’s metastasis

A

-Movement of tumour cells to other parts of body
- most malignant cells metastasize

128
Q

The unit of heredity which makes up DNA

A

Gene

129
Q

What controls cellular reproduction and function

A

DNA

130
Q

Give 2 examples of genetic condition

A

SCD
Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome)

131
Q

Cleft palate is congenital disorder

A

True

132
Q

Dementia is an example of ____

A

Degeneration

133
Q

What’s SCD

A

Gene disorder
Prominent B/AA
Disc shape, block blood flow, Pain
Blood transfusion trmnt

134
Q

Chromosomal disorder is known as

A

Trisomy 21

Variations (4 decks)

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