Lesson 3 Flashcards
The study of how body regulates itself to maintain a constant normal internal environment
Homeostasis
Although external conditions change, internal condition stay within narrow range. T or F?
True
The relative constancy of the body’s internal environment
Homeostasis
Potential of Hydrogen
H+
Name the two components which describe the chemical property of substances
Acidic and basic
What’s acidic ?
A substances when added to water produces H+ ions
What’s base
A substance when added to water produces OH- ions
Mixing acids and bases can cancel out or neutralize their extreme effects. True or False
True
Substance that is neither acidic nor basic is known as
Neutral
What is the ph scale range?
0-14
What is the pH of acid?
<7
Ph of base
<7
Neutral pH
7
Ideal pH of body
7-8
PH of blood
7.4 (alkaline)
What’s pH balance ?
Amount of acidity = alkalinity around 7
Acidic body is healthy and allows disease to not grow
False
What are the 2 causes of acidic envt
- inflammation
- cancer and other degenerative diseases have affinity towards acidic envt
Minerals in body that have electric charge
Electrolyte
Where are electrolytes found?
- blood
- urine
-Body fluids
Why right balance of electrolytes needed?
- Body’s blood chemistry
- muscle action
- other processes
Level of electrolyte can be high/ low depending on
Amount of water
Name the types of electrolytes.
- Sodium
- calcium
- potassium
- chlorine
- phosphate
- magnesium
Got from foods and fluids.
Where is sodium mostly found?
Outside the cell- plasma
What is the significant part of water regulation?
Sodium
Sodium function
- Electrical signals in the body
- allows muscles to fire and the brain to work
Where is potassium found?
Inside the cells of the body.
How does muscle and brain function?
- Difference in the concentration from within cell compared to the plasma
- generate electrical impulses.
What is The function of calcitonin
- promotes bone growth
- decreases calcium levels in blood
- inhibits osteoclasts
What is the function of PTH?
Calcium level ⬆️
Activates osteoclasts
Function of magnesium
- Relaxation of smooth muscles (surround lungs)
- skeletal muscle contraction
- excitation of neurons
Which electron is the important cofactor of body’s enzyme
Magnesium
Electron whose function is acid-base status of the body
HCO3
Lungs regulate ____ and kidneys regulate _____
Co2 and HCO3
Purpose, of inflammatory response
Restoration of health and maintaining homeostasis
restoration of health advantages
- Neutralize and eliminate offending agents
- destroy necrotic tissue
- prepare tissue for repair
Define inflammation
Tissue injury caused by
physical
chemical agent
pathogenic microorganisms
When a tissue is damaged now many steps occur?
Five
What are the inflammatory responses ?
- Capillary widening
- Increased capillary permeability
- Attraction of WBC
- Systemic response
- Increased bf
- Release of fluid
- Migration of WBC to injury
- Fever and proliferation of WBC
Causes of inflammation
- Infectious microorganisms
- Trauma , surgery
- Caustic chemicals
- Extremes of heat & cold
- Ischemic damage to body tissues
Factors affecting inflammation
- Blood supply
- Bone marrow function
- Protein synthesis
4.Medications
Factors involved in protective responses and bodily repair
- Inflammatory rx
2.immune response - Tissue repair
- Wound healing
Name the 2 types of inflammation
1.Chronic inflammation
2.Acute inflammation
____ changes may occur with inflammation
Vascular
Disease stage resulting from the entry and multiplication of pathogen in tissues of host causing body to manifest clinical signs and symptoms
Infection
Immunity is specific. T/F?
True
Inflammation is specific. T/f?
False. Inflammation is non-specific
Some thing that blocks or clogs preventing passage.
Obstruction
Physical injury caused by violent action externally or toxic substance internally is
Trauma
What is the external, internal cause of trauma
Internal- toxic substance
External - violent action
Define cancer.
- Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells.
- invasion around surrounding tissue
- metasize to distantsites
Genetic makeup is known as
Genetics
Cancer is uncontrolled growth of normal cells. True/false?
False-cancer is uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells.
Birth defect, present regardless or cause
Congenital condition
Deterioration and loss of functional ability
Degeneration
What is the effect of immobility in skin and cardiovascular
Skin - Pressure sore
CV- BF , BP ⬇️ -pulmonary embolism,thrombosis.
Effects of immobility on psychological and lungs.
Psych- depression poor sleep, behaviour changes
Lungs - Reid retention, atelectasis, pneumonia
Effects of immobility in GI and MSK
GI- Appetite , peristalsis , metabolic rate 🔽
MSK- atrophy,contracture, strength ; muscle mass ⬇️
Effect of immobility on GU
Urinary retention, UTI; renal calculi (kidney stone) ⬆️
Mild- severe inflammatory response to an irritant, systemic immune dis order
Allergic rx
How does the body work in response to inflammation.
- Neutralize
- Eliminate antigens
- Destroy necrotic tissue
- Prepare tissue for repair.
How many process are there in inflammatory response?
- Local vasodilation
2 chemical mediators released - Phagocytosis
- Exudate formation
- Tissue repair aka tissue reparative process
What is local vasodilation?
Arterioles dilate
Bf ⬆️ affected area
Redness , warmth
What is the second process or inflammatory response?
Chemical mediators released.
What are the chemicals released by immune system known as
Inflammatory mediators
Name 2 hormones in inflammatory mediator.
I. Bradykinin
2. Histamine
What happens when blood vessels widen?
More blood gets into the affected tissue.
Chemical Signals enter extracellular fluid and causes capillaries to dilate & cap walls to be more permeable
Name the third process of inflammatory response.
Phagocytosis
What happens in phagocytosis
Neutrophils and monocytes ingest and destroy microorganisms
____ is fundamental for tissue homeostasis
Phagocytosis
_____ response occurs with minor injury
Immediate transient
_____ response occurs with more serious injury
Immediate sustained
Response which occurs 4-24 hrs after injury
Delayed hemodynamics
Delayed hemodynamic response involves _____
Capillary permeability
What are the fluid mechanism in response to inflammation?
- Dilation of local arteries
- Bf, pressure⬆️
4,vascular permeability ⬆️ protein leak - Viscosity of blood ⬆️
6.response of surrounding tissue to injury - Injury = cap perm ⬆️
What happens when a splinter enters your finger?
- bacteria and viruses gain access
- body initiate inflammatory response
What response is initiated when a splinter enters finger
Inflammatory response
When is inflammatory response released ?
When damaged or infected cells release chemical alarm signals
What happens after the inflammatory response?
- The signals increases blood v’essels to dilate
- more blood is forced into the infected area
- more fluid leak out from capillaries near injury
- this causes swelling redness.
What happens after fluid leak?
WBC attracted by chemical alarm signals
Move from blood to injured area - through leaky, swollen cap
WBC attack invading patho and consume dead/infected cells
Temp ⬆️ heat ⬆️ suppresses bacterial growth
5 cardinal signs of inflammation
I. redness
2.swelling
3 Heat
4 pain
5. Loss of function
Name 3 systemic manifestations of inflammation.
- Alteration in WBC count (leukocytosis /leukopenia)
- Sepsis (fever present)
3.septic shock -severe death
Acute inflammation is
Self-limited/ localized
Chronic inflammation is transient.t/f?
False. Long term
What are 3 features of acute responses?
-short duration
- infiltration of neutrophils
- exudate
What are the 3 features of chronic inflammation?
- Last for weeks months or years
- infiltration of mononuclear cells and lymphocytes
- proliferation of fibroblasts
Cellular stage of acute inflammation is
Movement of WBC (leukocytes) into area of injury
Cardinal symptoms of chronic inflammation is found in
- cv disease
- diabetes
- cancer
- neurological disorders
- chronic inflammatory disorders
-Bone and muscular and skeletal diseases - metabolic complications
How many phases of tissue reparative process are there?
Three
Name the phases of tissue reparative process
- Inflammatory
- Proliferative
- Remodeling
When the tissue is first injured, BV in damaged areas
Constrict = vasoconstriction ( to minimize blood flow)
Name the fissile which is the foundation of scar tissue development
Granulation tissue
Name the reparative phase which begins within 3 days of injury
Proliferative
What happens in Proliferative phase?
Building new tissues
Fibroblasts synthesize and secrete collagen = aid BV FORMATION
Fibroblasts+ vasc endo cells begin to proliferate = granulation tissue
Remodelling phase begins ___
Approx 3 weeks after injury
Remodelling lasts for ____ months depending on ____
3-6 months ; extend of wound
Remodelling is also known as
maturation phase
What happens in remodelling phase?
-ongoing collagen synthesis- increase tissue strength
-Tissue contracts with help of fibroblasts
-granulation tissue formation
-orientation of scar= tensile ⬆️
If healing is secondary intention ( wound left open)
Wound contraction takes place
What are the 2 outcomes of inflammatory response?
Resolution & repair
When is resolution outcome activated
Little damage
When is repair outcome activated
Moderate - severe damage
Name the 2 replacement
Regeneration - replacement of tissue
Scar formation - replacement with connective tissue
Immunity controls ____…
Inflammation
Inflammation allows _____ to happen
Immunity
Name the 6 types of infection
- Bacterial
- Fungal
- Viral
- Protozoan
- Mycoplasma
- Prion
What’s mycoplasma
Organism without cell wall
Name 2 obstructions of infection
- Blockage in body
- Maybe sudden or gradual
Name 3 obstructions
- Airway
- Intestinal
- UT
What’s airway obstructions
Blockage of airway
Prevents passage of 02 and co2
What are causes of airway obstruction?
- Inflammation of infection
- Allergic rx
- Injury
- Foreign object
What is intestinal obstruction?
- Blockage of gi tract
- Prevent the passage of GI contents
What are the causes of obstruction in GI tract?
- Hernia
- Intussusception
- Volvulus
- Adhesions
- Tumour
- Fecal Impaction
Obstruction in urinary tract causes
- urine obstruction
- backward flow of fluid into kidneys ( hydronephrosis)- kidney enlarges kidney atrophy if left untreated. If one side = hypertrophy
What are the causes of urinary obstruction
-kidney stone
-Enlarged Prostate
What’s trauma
Physical damage caused by external source.
Give and example of traumatic brain injury
Concussion
2 types of chest trauma
- penetrating (fatal)
-blunt
Thoracic wall contusion, laceration, puncture of lungs
What’s spinal cord injury
Temp or permanent damage of body parts
C4 injury is known as
Quadriplegia/tetraplegia
C6 injury is
Partial paralysis of hands and arms
T6 injury is known as
Paraplegia below chest paralysis
L1 injury is
Paraplegia - paralysis below waist
Name 2 tumour
Benign
Malignant
What’s benign tumour
- cells grow locally
- no invasion / metastasis
What’s malignant cancer cells
Invade neighbouring tissues , BV
Metastasize to diff sites
What’s metastasis
-Movement of tumour cells to other parts of body
- most malignant cells metastasize
The unit of heredity which makes up DNA
Gene
What controls cellular reproduction and function
DNA
Give 2 examples of genetic condition
SCD
Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome)
Cleft palate is congenital disorder
True
Dementia is an example of ____
Degeneration
What’s SCD
Gene disorder
Prominent B/AA
Disc shape, block blood flow, Pain
Blood transfusion trmnt
Chromosomal disorder is known as
Trisomy 21
