Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CROP PROTECTION > LESSON 3 > Flashcards

LESSON 3 Flashcards

1
Q

– ordering of an organism into a hierarchy of categories.

A

Classification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Naming of organisms (“Nomen” – name; “calare” – to call) ● animals bear two names, scientific and common
● scientific name is used by scientists universally
● common names are vernacular names and often less precise than
scientific names

A

Nomenclature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

major application of classification.

A

Identification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

comprise a sequence of paired statements and questions that allow the
user to eliminate alternative options and eventually associate the unknown
specimens with a name.

A

Keys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

involves the theoretical basis for classification and the study of
classification schemes.

A

Taxonomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

primitively wingless insects

A

Apterygota

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

– winged and secondarily
wingless insects

A

Pterygota

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Also called telsontail or conehead
● contains microscopic and elongated insects
● have piercing- mouthparts
● no antennae, cerci and compound eyes and metamorphosis

A

Protura (Proturans)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Also called two-pronged bristletail
● contains microscopic, wingless and elongated insects
● have cerci and chewing mouthparts
● no compound eyes and metamorphosis

A

Diplura (Diplurans)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

are small to moderate-sized insects, primitively wingless, elongated with
three tail-like filaments
● their bodies are covered with gray silvery scales
● no metamorphosis
● Bristletails, silverfish

A

Thysanura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

are microscopic, primitively wingless with six (6) segmented abdomen -
● presence of abdominal forked or furcula
● no metamorphosis
● Springtails

A

Collembola (Collembolans)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

● are small to moderate-sized with four delicate membranous wings
● presence of setaceous antennae and long multi-segmented cerci
● short-lived, mostly die in 1-2 days
● mating takes place in swarms; males die shortly after mating and female
dies after laying eggs in water
● mayflies

A

Ephemeroptera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

are quite large insects with large compound eyes, strong chewing
mouthparts, setaceous antennae
● elongated abdomen with small cerci
● have 2 suborders:

A

Odonata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

dragonflies

A

Anisoptera –

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

damselflies

A

Zygoptera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

● moderate to large insects (over 1 foot long)
● A. forewings are leathery (tegmen) whereas hindwings are membranous
● B. have chewing mouthparts and most of them are phytophagous
● grasshoppers, crickets, roaches, mantids, walking sticks

A

Orthoptera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

also known as white ants, soft-bodied, small to medium sized with winged
and wingless form
● winged forms have four (4) membranous wings that are exactly alike
● prognathous head, chewing mouthparts and moniliform antennae.
● termites

A

Isoptera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

are moderate-sized insects
● naiads are abundant under stones in creeks or streams
● plaited wings which refer to the hindwings which are larger than the
frontwings and folded in plait above the abdomen.
● Long filiform antennae, chewing mouthparts and long and
multisegmented cerci
● stoneflies

A

Plecoptera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

“Embio” – lively
● are small insects with depressed and elongated body
● have four membranous wings with foretarsi enlarged and with silk gland
● webspinner

A

Embioptera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

“Psoco” – rub small
● are small insects with filiform and long antennae
● hindwings are smaller than frontwings that held rooflike over their body
when at rest
● with chewing mouthparts
● Psocids, barklice, booklice

A

Psocoptera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

“Derma” – skin
● elongated and moderately sized insects with four wings
● forewings are very small and leathery
● hindwings are folded lengthwise and crosswise
● forcep-like cerci are located at the tip of the abdomen forming like a pair
of scissors.
● Many earwigs are predatory to major pests such as corn borer

A

Dermaptera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

“mallo” – wool; “phaga” – to eat
● are small (1.5 mm), wingless insects whose head is broader than the
thorax
● have chewing mouthparts, prominent claws and reduced eyes with no
ocelli
● parasitic on birds by feeding on feathers and dried blood.
● Chewing lice

A

Mallophaga

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

“anol” – unarmed
● are small, wingless insects with dorsal spiracles
● dorsoventrally flattened bodies
● live as ectoparasites on bodies of mammals
● legs are adapted for clinging on hairs
● eggs are called nits attached singly on hair
● life cycle from egg to adult is about 3 weeks
● well-fed adult lice may live for more than a month
● sucking lice

A

Anoplura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

● extremely elongated and minute insects
● rasping-sucking mouthparts with conical beak
● four membranous wings are fringed with
long hair
● thrips

A

Thysanoptera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

are small to moderate-sized insects with four wings
● frontwings or hemelytra have a thickened and leathery basal part while
the apical portion is membranous
● hindwings are entirely membranous
● piercing-sucking mouthparts arise from the anterior end of the head
extend ventrally, sometimes reaching the base of the hindlegs
● bugs

A

Hemiptera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

are small with four membranous or leathery wings sloping at the sides of
the body when at rest
● piercing-sucking mouthparts arise from the posterior side of the head
somewhat near the first pair of legs
● many species are transmitters or vectors of plant viruses and other plant
disease causing agents
● aphids, scale insects, hoppers, cicadas, pyllids, whiteflies

A

Homoptera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

most numerous which constitute 40% of the total number of known
insects.
● presence of hard or thickened front pair of wings called elytra
● membranous hindwings are used for flight
● have chewing mouthparts with well developed mandibles
● beetles

A

Coleoptera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

constitute the most attractive and colorful groups of insects
● adults have siphoning mouthparts while larvae (caterpillar) have chewing
type mouths and feed on roots, stems, and leaves of plants
● scaly wings
● Moths and butterflies

A

Lepidoptera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

contains a pair of functional membranous forewings
● hindwings are modified into slender, knob-like structure called halteres
used for balancing instead of flight.
● Mouthparts varied from sponging type (housefly) to cutting-sponging type
(horseflies, deerflies)

A

Diptera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

contains most of the beneficial insects
● both wings are membranous, the smaller hindwings are interlocked with
the larger forewings by means of a hook-like structure called hamuli
● have chewing-lapping type of mouthparts
● parthenogenesis is common
● ovipositor is adapted for sawing, piercing or stinging
● ants, bees, wasps, sawflies

A

Hymenoptera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

are small, wingless and body compressed laterally
● hindlegs are enlarged adapted for jumping
● piercing-sucking mouthparts
● ectoparasites (blood suckers) of mammals including human
● fleas

A

Siphonaptera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

are small to medium sized insects with four membranous wings with
numerous veins and cross veins
● with chewing type of mouthparts
● predatory and some species (lacewings) are used to control insect pests
● alderflies, antlions, dobsonflies, fishflies, lacewings, snakeflies, owlflies

A

Neuroptera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

medium-sized with four membranous wings
● head is modified into beak with chewing mouthparts
● predatory insects
● scorpionflies

A

Mecoptera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

are small to medium-sized with four membranous wings covered with
hair
● adult mouthparts are not developed
● caddisflies

A

Trichoptera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

are very small endoparasitic insects, which considered true parasites -
only males have wings
● forewings are reduced to club-shaped appendages
● hindwings are fan shaped and are large compared to the body
● twisted-winged parasites

A

Strepsiptera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Nature of damage: damage is done
solely by adults by boring on the
unopened leaves of the central bud.

A

Rhinocerus beetle:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Nature of damage: adult and
legless larvae bore into the soft bud
resulting in the destruction of the
whole crown.

A

Asiatic palm weevils:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Nature of damage: portion of the
leaves eaten up leaving the midribs

A

Slug caterpillar

39
Q

Nature of damage: Same as Rhinocerus
beetle

A

Atlas beetle Elephant beetle

40
Q

Nature of damage: Larvae feed upon tillers and causes deadhearts or drying of the central tiller, during vegetative stage; and causes whiteheads
at reproductive stage

A

White stemborer

41
Q

Larval damage to tillers during the vegetative stage results in ‘dead
heart’ symptom (drying up of central shoot) and damage during the panicle initiation stage results in ‘white ear’ (chaffy, unfilled grains)

A

Yellow stem borer

42
Q

Nature of damage: Similar to other stem borers

A

Striped Stem borer

43
Q

Similar to other stem borers
(Caterpillars enter the stem and bore down the centre,
especially weakening the nodes)

A

Dark- headed stem borer, Gold Fringed stem borer Pink stem borer

44
Q

Nature of damage: Severe infestations cause plants in the ‘milk’ or ‘dough’ stages to gradually yellow from the tip, brown, dry out and collapse - a wilt, known as ‘hopperburn

A

Brown Planthopper

45
Q

Nature of damage: Similar to brown planthopper

A

Rice White back Planthopper, Small Brown Planthopper,

46
Q

Nature of damage: Tungro,stunted plants and
reduced vigor, reduced number of productive
tillers, withering or complete plant drying

A

Rice Green leafhoppers

47
Q

Nature of damage: Both nymphs and adults suck
plant sap and cause tip drying and orange
discoloration of both margins of leaves.

A

Rice zigzag leafhoppers

48
Q

Nature of damage: browning of leaves, deadheart,
and bugburn. Their damage also causes stunting
in plants, reduced tiller number, and formation of
whiteheads.

A

Rice black bug

49
Q

Nature of damage: Rice bugs suck out the contents of developing grains from pre-flowering spikelets to soft
dough stage, therefore causing unfilled or empty grains and discoloration. Immature and adult rice bugs both
feed on rice grains.

A

Rice bug

50
Q

Nature of damage: larvae feed and grow, some may be found tunneled into the midrib of leaves. This damage can cause leaves to break at the point of borer
entry; “shot hole” damage pattern

A

Corn borer

51
Q

Nature of damage: Injury resulting from whorl feeding by corn earworm larvae. Such infestations can be damaging by stunting plants, removing leaf tissue
needed for photosynthesis and sometimes destroying
the inner whorl.

A

Corn earworm

52
Q

Nature of damage:Seedcorn maggot damages newly planted seeds by feeding on seed contents. Often the shells of the seeds are empty and germination is greatly reduced. Seedlings that do emerge are spindly with few leaves. Occasionally, seedcorn maggots tunnel seedling stems.

A

Corn seedling Maggot

53
Q

Nature of damage: Heavily infested corn leaves may
wilt, curl, and show yellow patches of discoloration;
incomplete kernel development

A

Corn aphids

54
Q

Nature of damage: The larvae tunnel through the
corms; napping of the pseudostem, retarded and
stunted growth, premature leaf drop

A

Corm weevil/Banana root borer

55
Q

Nature of damage: bunchy top, stunted plants, yellow
leaves, leaves upright and tend to cluster in the
“throat” of the plant

A

Banana aphids

56
Q

Nature of damage: Nymphs feed by sucking the plant
sap, Water soaked areas on fruits (initial), rusty deep
red to dark brown colored skin (later)

A

Red rust thrips

57
Q

Nature of damage: Scarring damage on the fruits

A

Flower Thrips

58
Q

Nature of damage: Black sooty mold in the fruits

A

Banana mealybug

59
Q

Nature of damage: curling and drying of the infested
tissue. They also damage the crop by secreting a
sweet sticky substance which facilitates development
of sooty (black) mould

A

Mango leafhopper

60
Q

Nature of damage: Caterpillar penetrate developing
inflourescens and tender leaf midribs or shoots,
tunneling downwards the stem

A

Mango tip borer

61
Q

Nature of damage: oviposition punctures on
mango fruit mark spots; larval feeding on the soft
flesh of fruits.

A

Oriental fruitfly

62
Q

Nature of damage: Larvae feed on skin surfaces
and internal parts of fruits locules leaving reddish
frass on the skin. Under serious infestation the
flesh is infested and inedible

A

Durian fruit borer

63
Q

Nature of damage: bore into the wood of trees,
forming galleries in which both adults and larvae
live. They feed on an ambrosia fungus, which
they cultivate.

A

Shot-hole/Ambrosia beetle

64
Q

Nature of damage: The grub and mature one suck
the nutrients from the bud, so the leaf is crooked and
finally falls. The grub produces the white grease to
cover its body and leave it on the leaf

A

Durian psyllid

65
Q

Nature of damage: Feeds on seeds and grains thus
reducing quality

A

Rice weevil:

66
Q

Nature of damage: same as rice weevil

A

Maize weevil

67
Q

Nature of damage: most destructive insect
pests of milled products such as flour and bran
by feeding on cereal grains and flour

A

Flour beetle

68
Q

Flour beetle

A

Bean weevil:

69
Q

Nature of damage: Feed on copra by boring
through it

A

Copra beetle

70
Q
  1. Rice moth: Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton); O: Lepidoptera
  2. Rusty red grain beetle: SN: Cryptolestes ferrugineous (Stephens); O: Coleoptera
  3. Saw-toothed grain beetle: Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Linnaeus); O: Coleoptera
  4. Indian meal moth: Plodia interpunctella (Hubner); O: Lepidoptera
  5. Lesser grain borer: Rhizopherta dominica Fabricius; O: Coleoptera
  6. Granary weevil: Sitophilus granaries (Linnaeus); O: Coleoptera
  7. Angoumois grain moth: Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier); O: Lepidoptera
A

Other stored pest of cereals

71
Q

are species whose existence conflicts with people’s profit,
convenience or welfare. Such organisms include principally certain
insects, nematodes, bacteria, fungi, weeds, birds, rodents, or any
terrestrial or aquatic plant or animal life

A

● Pest

72
Q

are those pests that are introduced from outside the
locality

A

. Exotic pest

73
Q

are those pests that are local in origin

A

. Endemic pest –

74
Q

– are usually introduced (exotic pest)
- are always present in the field every season at a very high population
- are always causing economic damage: rice stemborers, corn borer, green leafhopper, diamondback
moth, mango hopper, etc

A

Key or major pest

75
Q

are usually endemic species that are always
found in the field at a low population
- they do not cause economic damage because their population are being
controlled but many natural enemies - examples: rice whorl maggot, rice skipper

A

Potential or minor pest

76
Q

are usually strong fliers that can migrate from one
place to another
- they came usually after a long drought
- examples: armyworms and cutworms, locusts

A

Occasional pest

77
Q

are found frequently in abundance or in great number
examples: rice weevils, flour beetle

A

Major insect pest

78
Q

– are usually encountered in small number

A

. Minor insect pest –

79
Q

– refer to those insects attacking previously undamaged commodities and
complete their development therein
- they initiate succession of events in which the grain is gradually consumed by a variety of
other insects, fungi, and bacteria.
- Examples: rice weevils and bean weevils

A

Primary insect pest

80
Q

are restricted to commodities that have already been particularly
damaged, either mechanically (by grinding, milling, processing, or accidentally during handling) or
by the action of primary pests.
- typical examples of secondary pests are the flour beetle, sawtoothed grain beetle and rice
moth

A

Secondary insect pest

81
Q

(EIL) – is defined as the lowest number of insect pest
that will cause economic damage

A

Economic Injury Level

82
Q

occur when the value of damage is greater than the cost
of controlling the pests.

A

Economic Damage

83
Q

(ETL) – also called action threshold which indicate
the number of insect pest (density or intensity) that should trigger
management activity to prevent from reaching the EIL

A

Economic Threshold Level

84
Q

occurs when the insect pest causes visible harm to the host organism.
A. foliage feeders
B. sap feeders
C. stem borers/feeders
D. root feeders
E. stalk feeders
F. fruit feeders

A

Direct damage

85
Q

– transmit plant, animal and human diseases

A

Indirect damage

86
Q

feeding on living plants
I. leaf feeders – orthopterans, most larvae of Lepidoptera
II. Leaf miners – Agromyzid flies
III. Stem and root borers – Pyralid larvae and cerambycid larvae
IV. Root feeders – root grubs, mole cricket
V. Gall makers – gall wasps
VI. Sap feeders – leafhoppers, planthoppers, bugs, aphids

A

Phytophagous insects

87
Q

– feeding on dead organic matter
I. General scavenger – cockroaches
II. Dung feeders – scarabaeid beetles

A

Saprophagous

88
Q

feeding on fungus
I. Fungus feeder – mycetophagid beetles

A

Mycetophagous

89
Q

feeding on living animals

A

Zoophagous (carnivorous)

90
Q

lives on other animals
I.1 Living on warm-blooded animal – sucking lice
I.2 Living on other insects – Hymenopterous wasps of family
ichneumonidae, braconidae, etc.
I.3 Blood feeders – mosquitoes

A

Parasites

91
Q

– prey on other insects – ladybird beetle, water striders

A

Predators

92
Q

is defined as the process of determining the amount of spray solution delivered by
a specific equipment.

A

Calibration

93
Q

is the determination of the required amount of
pesticide needed in a given area.

A

Pesticide calculations

94
Q

Information needed to calculate spray volume in liters
per hectare:

A

A. size of sprayer (liters)
B. area of field (ha)
C. number of sprayer load

CROP PROTECTION (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions