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CROP PROTECTION > LESSON 1 AND 2 > Flashcards

LESSON 1 AND 2 Flashcards

1
Q

as of january 2023, #of population

A

1.China
2.India
3.USA
4.Indonesia
5.Pakistan
6.Nigeria

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2
Q

is a graphical representation of the age and sex of
a population.

A

Age-Sex Pyramid

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3
Q

According to the FAO of the United Nations, if farmers stop
implementing crop protection methods, they will immediately
lose about

A

40 percent

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4
Q

The crop failures were caused by late blight, a disease that destroys both the leaves and the edible roots, or tubers, of the potato plant. The causative agent of late blight is the water
mold. Great Famine, also called Irish Potato Famine, Great Irish Famine, or Famine

A

Phytophthora infestans.

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5
Q

(short-horned grasshopper) damaging crops in India. They are known to devour
everything in their path, posing an unprecedented threat to food supply and livelihoods of millions of
people

A

Swarm of locusts

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6
Q

labor shortages are becoming increasingly apparent (crossborder travel restrictions)
* transportation shortages are making it more challenging to get
produce to market
* Farmers need to reconfigure their supply chains away from bulk
wholesale to (currently closed) restaurants, hotels, and schools,
and toward grocery stores and home delivery.
* Some major food-producing countries have already imposed
export bans or quotas in response to the pandemic.

A

World Food Status Amidst COVID-19
Pandemic

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7
Q

Manipulation application or approach that result in the protection of
crops or then products from attack of abiotic or biotic agents.

A

Crop Protection

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8
Q

Crop protection is the general method or the practice of protecting
the crop yields from different agents including

A

pests, weeds, plant
diseases, and other organisms

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9
Q

are organisms considered harmful or detrimental to humans, his possessions and other human interest.

A

Pests

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10
Q

What is the role of crop protection in
increasing food supply

A
  • Increase food production
  • Decreasing food production cost
  • Safeguarding human health
  • Consumer’s benefits
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11
Q

are species whose existence conflicts with people’s profit, convenience or welfare. Such organisms include principally certain insects, nematodes, virus, viroid, rickettsia, bacteria,
fungi, weeds, birds, rodents, or any terrestrial or aquatic plant or animal life.

A

Pests

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12
Q

(Sitophilus zeamais) in maize. Adult
emergence holes with
irregular edges are
apparent some weeks
after the initial attack.

A

Adult beetles of Maize
weevil

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13
Q

are notorious for
having a broad host range.

A

Armyworms

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14
Q

mosquito are examples of insects that are of medical significance to humans.

A

The human botfly (Dermatobia hominis), housefly (Musca domestica),
tsetse fly (genus Glossina),
assassin bug (family Reduviidae),
yellow fever mosquito, and
Anopheles

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15
Q

Beneficial effect of insects to human

A

➢pollination,
➢as source of useful products,
➢as food for valued animals,
➢as food for humans,
➢natural control of pests and
➢other uses.

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16
Q

Other insect pollinators

A

Wasps
Ants Flies
Midgets
Mosquito
Moth

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17
Q

refers to the rearing of silkworm (Bombyx mori) for the production of silk

A

Sericulture

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18
Q

refers to the rearing of honeybees (Apis mellifera), originally for honey, wax and other products (royal jelly, swarms)

A

Apiculture

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19
Q

Two of the most important domesticated insects are the

A

silkworm (Lepidoptera) and
the honeybee (Hymenoptera)

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20
Q

is the sticky brown resinous substance
produced from the thick scale of the lac insect (high quality polish, manufacture of insulators, buttons, sealing wax, hairsprays)

A

Shellac

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21
Q

is a red dye produced from the dried and powdered bodies of the cactus mealybug (used in foodstuff coloration, cosmetics).

A

Cochineal

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22
Q

maggots as protein source

A

Agriprotein

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23
Q

has been shown to be an
acceptable protein source for African catfish and for broiler chickens, and they can be grown on dried and cooked waste materials from fruits, vegetables and cereals in various combinations.

A

Yellow mealworm

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24
Q

▪ These soft-bodied larvae of palm weevils (beetles) are widely consumed in the Americas

A

Palm grubs

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25
Q

is one of the most
consumed and economically valuable
edible insects in southern Africa.

A

Mopane worms

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26
Q

(biological control agent) injects an egg
into a pest caterpillar. The wasp
will develop inside the
caterpillar, eventually killing it

A

parasitic wasp

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27
Q

hoverfly larva (below) feed
on aphids (above), making them natural
biological control agents.

A

Syrphus

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28
Q

(Cotesia congregata) adult
with pupal cocoons on its host, a tobacco
hornworm (Manduca sexta, green
background), an example of
a hymenopteran biological control agent

A

A parasitoid wasp

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29
Q

comes from the Greek words “entomo” means insects and “logos” means study of simply

A

entomology

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30
Q

are animals belonging to phylum

A
  • Insects
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31
Q

the most abundant and diverse group of organisms on earth, are segment, bilaterally symmetrical and possess hard
chitinousexoskeleton and paired jointed appendages

A

Arthropoda

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32
Q
  • BIRTH OF ENTOMOLOGY as
    formal science
A
  • 1667 to 1668
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33
Q

disproved the theory of
spontaneous generation using
insects

A

Francesco Redi

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34
Q

published the first complete and
accurate anatomical studies of
insects. These studies were an
incentive to others to study insects
and the science of entomology
began to take form

A

MALPIGHI and SWAMMERDAM

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35
Q

published
an anatomical study on
silkworm

A

MALPIGHI

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36
Q

published his first insect
studies

A

SWAMMERDAM

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37
Q

first and
best publication describing the
anatomy of the larva of the
willow moth

A

1750
* Dutchman Lyonet

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38
Q

published detailed well illustrated observations on
many insects, their life histories;
habits and characteristics

A

Roesel (German), Reaumur
(French), De Geer (Sweden)

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39
Q

first effectively used the
Binominal System of
Nomenclature

A

1758
* Carolus Linnaeus

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40
Q

published the
book American Entomology,
or The Descriptions of
Insects of North America,
which describe many North
American species of insects.
* The quality of this publication
merited him the title of the
Father of American
Entomology

A

1828
* Thomas Say

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41
Q

(one of Linnaeus’
outstanding student), was the
first outstanding taxonomist,
with his first outstanding work
– System Entomological
(basis of insect
classification).

A

1775
* Fabricius

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42
Q

has been called the
Father of Applied Entomology because he first published a series of papers on the history and economic importance of many insects. He also published the first comprehensive
report on destructive insects in America

A
  • 1795 – 1856
  • Thaddeus Harris
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43
Q

of New York became the
first Entomologist in the United
States

A

1854
* Asa Fitch

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44
Q

donated federal land on each state to
established and support a college emphasizing subjects in
agriculture and mechanical arts that provided opportunities for
learning botany and entomology

A

1862
* Morril Land Grant College Act

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45
Q

was first
demonstrated as a practical control
system.

A

Biological Control

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46
Q

was introduced to control cottony cushion
scale which had become a pest great
economic proportion on citrus in
California which was started by
Koebele in California in 1886

A
  • The Vedalia lady bird beetle
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47
Q

in South China
reported that the mosquito was
the agent for carrying the
Filariasis organism. His discovery led to the foundation
of modern tropical medicine, and
he is recognized with an epithet
“Father of Tropical Medicine”

A
  • Patrick Manson
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48
Q

established agricultural experiment stations in each
state for agricultural research, including entomology

A

The Hatch Act

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49
Q

discovered that a tick transmitted Texas fever in
cattle

A

Curtis and Kilborne

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50
Q

a veterinary entomology discovers the vector of texas
fever of cattle, which is tick.

A

Theobald
Smith

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51
Q

theory on the transmission of malaria by
certain species of mosquitoes - during that time, they believed
that malaria was caused by bad air

A

Sir Patrick Manson

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52
Q

American - proved that malaria is transmitted by
mosquitoes of the Genus Culex

A

Ronald Ross

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53
Q

working in India, discovered the relationship between
anopheline mosquito and the transmission of malaria

A

Ron Ross,

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54
Q

working in Panama proved a mosquito,
Aedis aegypti carried yellow fever

A

Walter Reed

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55
Q

was formulated as a chemical warfare but it was found out to be effective in controlling crop pests. became unpopular when it was found to
accumulate on the fat bodies of animals and its concentration would increase as it passed in the food
chain

A

DDT

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56
Q

Silent Spring caused significant
public awareness of the
environment.

A

Rachel Carson’s

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57
Q

Locust outbreak in Panay

A

1569

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58
Q

, (Aetheopsar
cristatellus), first imported biological
control agent

A

Martinez Bird

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59
Q

gave entomology in this
country its first breath of research. He came to Philippines and trained leading entomologist. He wrote the articles on Philippine insect.

A

Charles Fuller Baker,

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60
Q

head of the Department of Entomology, published
the first comprehensive listing of insect pests on several crops in
the Philippine Agriculturis

A

Woodworth

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61
Q

became the Department head in UPCA, did a series of
listing on insect pests of specific crops.
He extensively researched on migratory locust and defined the locust
outbreak center to be at Liguasan Marsh in Cotabato in 1936 (Sun
Spot Theory)

A

Uichanco L. B.

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62
Q

It is believed that the
rotation of the sun
causes distortion in the
magnetic field. T

A

sunspots.

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63
Q

was imported to Taiwan to control sugar
cane borer

A

Trichogramma chilonis

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64
Q

reported insect pest of cotton

A

Otanes and Butac

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65
Q

was established and the breeding for pest-resistant rice was
highlighted.

A

IRR

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66
Q

made an extensive work of Faunastic study of
Philippine Aphids

A

Calilung

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67
Q

made an annotated list of vegetable pests.

A

Gabriel and Esguera

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68
Q

published the insect and hopper pests of field corn, “Guide to insect and mites injurious and
legumes”

A

Gabriel

69
Q

was established. Started the breeding
of pest resistant vegetables, cereals, and legumes.

A

Institute of Plant Breeding (IPB)

70
Q

was created to coordinate
crop protection activities in the country.

A

National Crop Protection Center (NCPC)

71
Q

was created. The mass production of microorganisms to control insect
pests was started

A

National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (BIOTECH)

72
Q

was used to control corn borer and cotton bollworm

A

Trichogramma

73
Q

was mass produced to control root knot
nematode

A

Paecilomyces lilacinus

74
Q
  • Body with three distinct regions: HEAD, THORAX and
    ABDOMEN,
  • One pair of antennae
  • Three pairs of legs (a few insects are legless and some larvae
    possess additional leglike appendages (such as prolegs) on the
    abdominal; segments,
  • Often one or two pairs of wings, borne by the second and/or the
    third of the three thoracic segments, and
  • The postoral appendages of the head typically consisting of
    mandibles, a pair of maxillae, labrum and labium
A

Characteristics of Insect

75
Q

The grouping of
segments into a
functional region
is called

A

tagmosis.

76
Q

provides rigidity for the
body and serve for the attachment of the muscles.

A
  • Body wall/exoskeleton/integument
77
Q

The insect body wall is composed of three parts

A

epidermal
cell, cuticle and basement membrane

78
Q

is a cellular layer of the body wall that secretes molting
fluid involved in the growth process.

A

Epidermal cell

79
Q

is non-cellular layer of the body wall that covers the entire body
surface and also lines the insects’ air tube lining, salivary glands and
parts of the digestive tracts while basement membrane separates body
wall from internal organs.

A

Cuticle

80
Q

is the outermost
thin layer which contains
cuticulin, wax, and cement

A

epicuticle

81
Q

is middle part which
gives the cuticle its
characteristics strength and
resilience. It is formed of chitin
a polysaccharide resistant
substance insoluble to water,
alcohol, alkali, and dilute acids.

A

Exocuticle

82
Q

is the innermost
thick layer of the insect cuticle.

A

Endocuticle

83
Q

e like anterior
body segment of an insect which
bears the eyes, antennae and
mouthparts.

A

globular to capsule

84
Q
  • The condition wherein the mouthparts are at the right angle to
    the body axis.
  • Hypo-below and gnathous – jaw
  • Examples: grasshoppers, roaches, mantids, larvae of moths
    and butterflies.
A

Hypognathous head

85
Q
  • head is a condition wherein the mouthparts
    are projecting backward between the legs.
  • Opistho – behind, gnathous – jaw
  • Examples: cicada, bugs, leafhoppers
A

Opisthognathous head

86
Q

is an insect head wherein the mouthparts is
in line to the body axis that commonly seen in carnivorous
and/or forms that burrow in wood or soil.
* Pro – infront, gnathous – jaw
* Examples: termites and ground beetle

A

Prognathous head

87
Q

are tooth-like structure used for chewing, grinding, tearing or
pinching-off solid food and heavily sclerotized, paired and unsegmented

A

Mandibles -

88
Q

helps in putting the food into the mouth, paired segmented
structures used for mastication and lie directly behind the mandibles. It is
divided into five parts namely: cardo, stipes, galea, lacinia and palpus

A
  • Maxillae -
89
Q
  • is the “upper lip” which is movable and flap-like structure
A

Labrum -

90
Q
  • is the “lower lip” found posterior to the maxillae, divided into two
    parts: postlabium or basal postmentum and prelabium or distal prementum
A

Labium

91
Q

is the central tonguelike which drops from the membranous
floor of the head, and bears the opening of the salivary ducts.

A
  • Hypopharnyx
92
Q

e is a type of mouthparts that mandibles
cut off and grind solid food, and the maxillae and labium push it into
the esophagous
* Examples: adults of Orthoptera, Isoptera, Odonata, Coleoptera, etc

A

Mandibulate or chewing type

93
Q

the mandibles are produced into sharp
blabes, and the maxillae into long probing style. The two cut and tear
the integument causing blood to flow from the wound. Blood is
collected by the sponge-like labium and conveyed into the
hypopharynx.
* Examples are: horseflies, black flies and other Dipterans.

A

Cutting-Sponging type

94
Q

the mandibles and maxillae are non-functional and
the remaining parts form a proboscis with a sponge-like apex called
labella. The solid food (ex. Sugar) is converted into liquid before
sucking it up
* Example: housefly

A

Sponging type

95
Q

is where the mandibles and labrum are of
chewing type and are used for grasping prey, molding wax or nest
materials. The labium and maxillae are developed into an elongate
structures to get nectars from flowers.
* Examples: bees, wasps, ants

A
  • Chewing-Lapping type
96
Q

is the mouthparts of this group are modified to
pierce tissues and suck juices from them. The labrum, mandible and
maxillae are slender and long and fit together to form hollow needle
(beak), the labium, a stout sheath hold this needle rigid, during feeding,
the insect presses the entire beak against the host then insert the needle
into the host tissues and suck the sap through the needle into the
esophagous
* Examples: mosquitoes, hemipterans, homopterans, bedbugs

A

Piercing-Sucking type

97
Q

is the type of mouthpart where the food either nectar
of liquid food already is sucked up by means of a long proboscis
composed only of a united galea of each maxillae
* Examples: moths and butterflies

A

Siphoning type

98
Q

has a cone-shaped beak formed from clypeus,
labrum, parts of the maxillae and labium, this beak contain the
maxillae, hypopharynx, and the left mandible together these
structures form called stylet.
* Example: Thrips use the beak to rasp host tissues and take up liquid food
through the stylet

A
  • Rasping- Sucking type
99
Q

is an elongated, segmented structures of varying designs
and sizes, used for sensory purposes and sometimes for defense and
composed of three (3) main parts:

A

Antennae

100
Q

– basal segment

A

scape

101
Q

second segment

A

pedicel

102
Q

whiplike part beyond the pedicel

A

flagellum

103
Q

bristlelike, segments taper distally.
* Examples: green leafhopper, damselfly, dragonfly

A

Setaceous –

104
Q

– threadlike, segments nearly uniformly cylindrical in size.
* Examples: grasshoppers, crickets, roaches, tiger and ground beetle

A

Filiform –

105
Q

beadlike, segments similar in size and nearly
spherical in shape.
* Example: termites

A

Moniliform –

106
Q

sawlike, the distal half or 2/3 of the antennal segments
more or less triangular.
* Example: click beetles

A

Serrate

107
Q

comblike, most segments with long slender lateral
process.
* Example: fire-colored beetles

A

Pectinate

108
Q

– clubbed, segments gradually increase in diameter distally.
* Example: ladybird beetle

A

Clavate

109
Q

– having a head, terminal segments suddenly enlarged.
* Example: sap beetle

A

Capitate

110
Q

leaflike, terminal segments expanded laterally to form
rounded lobes.
* Example: june beetle

A

Lamellate

111
Q

elbowed, the first segment is long and the following
segments are small and going off at an angle to the first.
* Examples: ants, chalcid wasps, bees

A

Geniculate

112
Q

feathery, most segments with whorls of long hair.
* Example: male mosquitoes

A

Plumose

113
Q

the last segment enlarged and bears a conspicuous dorsal
bristle called arista.
* Example – house fly

A

Aristate –

114
Q

the last segment with an elongated terminal style like or
finger like process, the style.
* Example: robber fly, snipe fly

A

Stylate

115
Q

are located on each side of the head of most adult
insects, which consist of many hexagonal elements known as facets or
ommatidia.

A

Compound eyes

116
Q

are located between compound eyes on the front of the head, there are three of them, upper two are in pair, one
on each side of the meson and are called the lateral ocelli, the lower
one on the meson is the median ocellus. They are small and have a
single lens.

A

Simple eyes or ocelli

117
Q

is the middle region of the insect body which is connected
from the head by a flexible membranous neck (cervix).

A

Thorax

118
Q

Thorax contains 3 distinct segments

A

prothorax, mesothorax and
metathorax

119
Q

are articulated appendages comprising five segments.

A
  • Legs
120
Q

the proximal segment that is usually short and stout

A

Coxa

121
Q

connects the coax with the femur

A

Trochanter –

122
Q

– the stoutest and sometime the largest segment of the leg in some
instances, it is armed with strong spines

A

Femur

123
Q

is often a long, slender structure with downward-pointing spines
that aid in climbing.

A

Tibia

124
Q

– usually made up of several subsegments called tarsomeres,
terminate in a pretarsus.

A

Tarsus –

125
Q

usually include in a pair of claws, between the claw for adhesion purposes is
called the arolium

A

pretarsus

126
Q

grasping forelegs of preying mantis

A

Raptorial legs

127
Q

running legs of roaches

A

Cursorial legs

128
Q

digging forelegs of mole crickets

A

Fossorial legs

129
Q

jumping hindlegs of grasshoppers and fleas

A

Saltatorial legs

130
Q

swimming legs of aquatic insects

A

. Natatorial legs

131
Q

– hindlegs of honeybees

A

pollen basket for gathering pollen

132
Q

show much diversity, varying in shape, texture, and coloration

A
  • Insect wings
133
Q

forewing of beetles (Coleoptera) - are thick and hard with uniform texture
which is used to protect the soft abdomen

A

. Elytra –

134
Q

– forewing of true bugs (Hemiptera) are a combination of thick and
soft, flexible and almost transparent apex or posterior part.

A

. Hemelytra

135
Q

wings of thrips (Thysanoptera), are hair-like along the margins of
the central using structure.

A

Fringed type

136
Q

wings of caddisflies (Trichoptera), are soft, flexible,
translucent or transparent with prominent wing viens.

A

Membranous type

137
Q

– hindwings of flies and mosquitoes (Diptera), are small knob-like
structures which are use for balancing instead of flight

A

Halteres

138
Q

forewing of grasshoppers, roaches (Orthoptera) - are leathery
frontwings which serves to protect the membranous hindwings and soft abdomen.

A

Tegmina

139
Q
  • Some insects like male crickets and grasshoppers (Orthoptera) are
    able to make sounds with the wings by rubbing either – of the two
A

mesothoracic wings together or by rubbing the primary wings to the
hindlegs.

140
Q
  • It is the third body region of an insect and usually the largest part
    especially among females.
  • It is primarily for reproduction, excretion and digestion because the
    abdomen bears the genitalia, the anus, outwardly, and the digestive system
    inside, respectively.
  • In some insects such as bees and wasps, the distal end of the abdomen is
    specialized into a short needle-like extension for stinging their enemies.
  • Typically, abdomen is composed of 11 segments however the last segment
    is usually reduced and is represented only by appendages. The first eight
    segments are generally similar in structures / architecture, which bears a
    pair of laterally located spiracles.
A

Abdomen

141
Q

These are external openings of the respiratory system found along
the side of the thorax and the abdomen.

A

Spiracles

142
Q

The main auditory organ of an insect. This is located on the
first abdominal tergite in grasshoppers but may be found elsewhere in the
body of other insects

A

Tympanum

143
Q

slender, pointed structures found on the eleventh segment of the
abdomen. These are inconspicuous in some insects such as locust but are
long and many-jointed in silverfish and mayfly. For the case of Earwigs, cerci
are modified into forcep-like structure

A

Cerci

144
Q

The change in form during the development period after the
embryonic development.
* The process by which an insect shed off old skin (cuticle) to provide
enough space to grow is called Ecdysis/Molting.
* Most insects molts at least three or four times during normal
development.

A

Metamorphosis of insects

145
Q

/No metamorphosis is a type of metamorphosis where
there is no change in the appearance of the young compared to the
adult, except in size and development of reproductive structures or
genitalia. Stages of this type are egg, young, adult.
* Examples are: Collembola, Protura, Diplura and Thysanura.

A

Ametabolous

146
Q

is a type of metamorphosis that shows distinct changes during
growth and development. There are three (3) types of it:

A

Metabolous

147
Q

s type of metabolous simple, gradual or direct
metamorphosis in which the immatures (nymph) resemble the parent (adult)
except size, wings and genitalia development.

A

Paurometabolous

148
Q

s the second type of metabolous having incomplete
metamorphosis in which accessory organs like gills are present in immature
which is called naiads.

A

Hemimetabolous

149
Q

is the third type of metabolous having complete
metamorphosis where all stages differ in appearance

A

Holometabolous

150
Q

supplies nourishment to the developing egg.

A

Yolk

151
Q

– a sheath that covers the yolk.

A

Vitelline membrane

152
Q

or shell which gives protection to the egg.

A

Chorion –

153
Q

consists of one or more very minute openings thru which the
male sperm enters and fertilization takes place.

A

Microphyle

154
Q

a lid or cap thru which the young escape

A

Operculum

155
Q

the young proceeding from the egg
* - Characterized as the following feeding and developing stage that
usually cover the longest period in the life cycle.

A

Larva

156
Q

larva stage of growth refers mostly to caterpillars before
the metamorphosis into a butterfly takes place. Caterpillars are
instantly recognizable worldwide. They’re usually cylindrical, have a
head, and even have rudimentary antennae.

A

Eruciform

157
Q

is normally labeled a grub. Some of the larvae within
this group somewhat resemble caterpillars. However, for the most part,
they are much smaller than caterpillars, have a C-shape, and have a
developed and recognizable head.

A

Scarabaeiform

158
Q

This larva stage of growth highly resembles nymphs. They don’t look
anything like what the casual observer would think of a larva. Like most
insects, they have a distinguishable head, abdomen, legs, antennae, and a
flat body.

A

Campodeiform

159
Q

larva stage of growth resemble centipedes or
millipedes, without the obvious legs. The body usually has a large number of
segments, is longer than the average caterpillar, and has tiny body hairs or
bristles.

A

elaterifrom

160
Q

These larva-stage insects
resemble maggots. Maggots,
the larva stage of flies, are
vermiform larvae. They are tiny,
usually an off-white or cream
color, and lack any
distinguishing features outside
of their bodies.

A

Vermiform

161
Q

the active developing stage in paurometabolous insects

A

Nymphs

162
Q

the resting (inactive/quiescent) or reorganization stage of
homometabolous insects.
* Types of
* Obtect
* Exarate
* Coarctate

A

Pupa

163
Q

the final instar in the development of an insect in which all
of the external characteristics are well defined.
* - The internal systems fully matured or complete.

A

Adult

164
Q

both males and females are required.
* - Eggs will develop if fertilized by sperm.
* - Most insects reproduce this way.

A

Bisexual reproduction

165
Q

only females are required to reproduce the
young.

A

Parthenogenesis

166
Q

is a special type or an exceptional type of
reproduction where the larvae of some hymenopterans are capable
of reproducing.

A

Paedogenesis

167
Q

the eggs are laid
and left unattended to hatch.

A

oviparous,

168
Q

Other insects produce live young and are called

A

viviparous

169
Q
A

CROP PROTECTION (4 decks)

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