LESSON 1 AND 2 Flashcards
1
Q
as of january 2023, #of population
A
1.China
2.India
3.USA
4.Indonesia
5.Pakistan
6.Nigeria
2
Q
is a graphical representation of the age and sex of
a population.
A
Age-Sex Pyramid
3
Q
According to the FAO of the United Nations, if farmers stop
implementing crop protection methods, they will immediately
lose about
A
40 percent
4
Q
The crop failures were caused by late blight, a disease that destroys both the leaves and the edible roots, or tubers, of the potato plant. The causative agent of late blight is the water
mold. Great Famine, also called Irish Potato Famine, Great Irish Famine, or Famine
A
Phytophthora infestans.
5
Q
(short-horned grasshopper) damaging crops in India. They are known to devour
everything in their path, posing an unprecedented threat to food supply and livelihoods of millions of
people
A
Swarm of locusts
6
Q
labor shortages are becoming increasingly apparent (crossborder travel restrictions)
* transportation shortages are making it more challenging to get
produce to market
* Farmers need to reconfigure their supply chains away from bulk
wholesale to (currently closed) restaurants, hotels, and schools,
and toward grocery stores and home delivery.
* Some major food-producing countries have already imposed
export bans or quotas in response to the pandemic.
A
World Food Status Amidst COVID-19
Pandemic
7
Q
Manipulation application or approach that result in the protection of
crops or then products from attack of abiotic or biotic agents.
A
Crop Protection
8
Q
Crop protection is the general method or the practice of protecting
the crop yields from different agents including
A
pests, weeds, plant
diseases, and other organisms
9
Q
are organisms considered harmful or detrimental to humans, his possessions and other human interest.
A
Pests
10
Q
What is the role of crop protection in
increasing food supply
A
- Increase food production
- Decreasing food production cost
- Safeguarding human health
- Consumer’s benefits
11
Q
are species whose existence conflicts with people’s profit, convenience or welfare. Such organisms include principally certain insects, nematodes, virus, viroid, rickettsia, bacteria,
fungi, weeds, birds, rodents, or any terrestrial or aquatic plant or animal life.
A
Pests
12
Q
(Sitophilus zeamais) in maize. Adult
emergence holes with
irregular edges are
apparent some weeks
after the initial attack.
A
Adult beetles of Maize
weevil
13
Q
are notorious for
having a broad host range.
A
Armyworms
14
Q
mosquito are examples of insects that are of medical significance to humans.
A
The human botfly (Dermatobia hominis), housefly (Musca domestica),
tsetse fly (genus Glossina),
assassin bug (family Reduviidae),
yellow fever mosquito, and
Anopheles
15
Q
Beneficial effect of insects to human
A
➢pollination,
➢as source of useful products,
➢as food for valued animals,
➢as food for humans,
➢natural control of pests and
➢other uses.
16
Q
Other insect pollinators
A
Wasps
Ants Flies
Midgets
Mosquito
Moth
17
Q
refers to the rearing of silkworm (Bombyx mori) for the production of silk
A
Sericulture
18
Q
refers to the rearing of honeybees (Apis mellifera), originally for honey, wax and other products (royal jelly, swarms)
A
Apiculture
19
Q
Two of the most important domesticated insects are the
A
silkworm (Lepidoptera) and
the honeybee (Hymenoptera)
20
Q
is the sticky brown resinous substance
produced from the thick scale of the lac insect (high quality polish, manufacture of insulators, buttons, sealing wax, hairsprays)
A
Shellac
21
Q
is a red dye produced from the dried and powdered bodies of the cactus mealybug (used in foodstuff coloration, cosmetics).
A
Cochineal
22
Q
maggots as protein source
A
Agriprotein
23
Q
has been shown to be an
acceptable protein source for African catfish and for broiler chickens, and they can be grown on dried and cooked waste materials from fruits, vegetables and cereals in various combinations.
A
Yellow mealworm
24
Q
▪ These soft-bodied larvae of palm weevils (beetles) are widely consumed in the Americas
A
Palm grubs
25
is one of the most
consumed and economically valuable
edible insects in southern Africa.
Mopane worms
26
(biological control agent) injects an egg
into a pest caterpillar. The wasp
will develop inside the
caterpillar, eventually killing it
parasitic wasp
27
hoverfly larva (below) feed
on aphids (above), making them natural
biological control agents.
Syrphus
28
(Cotesia congregata) adult
with pupal cocoons on its host, a tobacco
hornworm (Manduca sexta, green
background), an example of
a hymenopteran biological control agent
A parasitoid wasp
29
comes from the Greek words “entomo” means insects and “logos” means study of simply
entomology
30
are animals belonging to phylum
* Insects
31
the most abundant and diverse group of organisms on earth, are segment, bilaterally symmetrical and possess hard
chitinousexoskeleton and paired jointed appendages
Arthropoda
32
* BIRTH OF ENTOMOLOGY as
formal science
* 1667 to 1668
33
disproved the theory of
spontaneous generation using
insects
Francesco Redi
34
published the first complete and
accurate anatomical studies of
insects. These studies were an
incentive to others to study insects
and the science of entomology
began to take form
MALPIGHI and SWAMMERDAM
35
published
an anatomical study on
silkworm
MALPIGHI
36
published his first insect
studies
SWAMMERDAM
37
first and
best publication describing the
anatomy of the larva of the
willow moth
1750
* Dutchman Lyonet
38
published detailed well illustrated observations on
many insects, their life histories;
habits and characteristics
Roesel (German), Reaumur
(French), De Geer (Sweden)
39
first effectively used the
Binominal System of
Nomenclature
1758
* Carolus Linnaeus
40
published the
book American Entomology,
or The Descriptions of
Insects of North America,
which describe many North
American species of insects.
* The quality of this publication
merited him the title of the
Father of American
Entomology
1828
* Thomas Say
41
(one of Linnaeus’
outstanding student), was the
first outstanding taxonomist,
with his first outstanding work
– System Entomological
(basis of insect
classification).
1775
* Fabricius
42
has been called the
Father of Applied Entomology because he first published a series of papers on the history and economic importance of many insects. He also published the first comprehensive
report on destructive insects in America
* 1795 – 1856
* Thaddeus Harris
43
of New York became the
first Entomologist in the United
States
1854
* Asa Fitch
44
donated federal land on each state to
established and support a college emphasizing subjects in
agriculture and mechanical arts that provided opportunities for
learning botany and entomology
1862
* Morril Land Grant College Act
45
was first
demonstrated as a practical control
system.
Biological Control
46
was introduced to control cottony cushion
scale which had become a pest great
economic proportion on citrus in
California which was started by
Koebele in California in 1886
* The Vedalia lady bird beetle
47
in South China
reported that the mosquito was
the agent for carrying the
Filariasis organism. His discovery led to the foundation
of modern tropical medicine, and
he is recognized with an epithet
"Father of Tropical Medicine"
* Patrick Manson
48
established agricultural experiment stations in each
state for agricultural research, including entomology
The Hatch Act
49
discovered that a tick transmitted Texas fever in
cattle
Curtis and Kilborne
50
a veterinary entomology discovers the vector of texas
fever of cattle, which is tick.
Theobald
Smith
51
theory on the transmission of malaria by
certain species of mosquitoes - during that time, they believed
that malaria was caused by bad air
Sir Patrick Manson
52
American - proved that malaria is transmitted by
mosquitoes of the Genus Culex
Ronald Ross
53
working in India, discovered the relationship between
anopheline mosquito and the transmission of malaria
Ron Ross,
54
working in Panama proved a mosquito,
Aedis aegypti carried yellow fever
Walter Reed
55
was formulated as a chemical warfare but it was found out to be effective in controlling crop pests. became unpopular when it was found to
accumulate on the fat bodies of animals and its concentration would increase as it passed in the food
chain
DDT
56
Silent Spring caused significant
public awareness of the
environment.
Rachel Carson’s
57
Locust outbreak in Panay
1569
58
, (Aetheopsar
cristatellus), first imported biological
control agent
Martinez Bird
59
gave entomology in this
country its first breath of research. He came to Philippines and trained leading entomologist. He wrote the articles on Philippine insect.
Charles Fuller Baker,
60
head of the Department of Entomology, published
the first comprehensive listing of insect pests on several crops in
the Philippine Agriculturis
Woodworth
61
became the Department head in UPCA, did a series of
listing on insect pests of specific crops.
He extensively researched on migratory locust and defined the locust
outbreak center to be at Liguasan Marsh in Cotabato in 1936 (Sun
Spot Theory)
Uichanco L. B.
62
It is believed that the
rotation of the sun
causes distortion in the
magnetic field. T
sunspots.
63
was imported to Taiwan to control sugar
cane borer
Trichogramma chilonis
64
reported insect pest of cotton
Otanes and Butac
65
was established and the breeding for pest-resistant rice was
highlighted.
IRR
66
made an extensive work of Faunastic study of
Philippine Aphids
Calilung
67
made an annotated list of vegetable pests.
Gabriel and Esguera
68
published the insect and hopper pests of field corn, “Guide to insect and mites injurious and
legumes”
Gabriel
69
was established. Started the breeding
of pest resistant vegetables, cereals, and legumes.
Institute of Plant Breeding (IPB)
70
was created to coordinate
crop protection activities in the country.
National Crop Protection Center (NCPC)
71
was created. The mass production of microorganisms to control insect
pests was started
National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (BIOTECH)
72
was used to control corn borer and cotton bollworm
Trichogramma
73
was mass produced to control root knot
nematode
Paecilomyces lilacinus
74
* Body with three distinct regions: HEAD, THORAX and
ABDOMEN,
* One pair of antennae
* Three pairs of legs (a few insects are legless and some larvae
possess additional leglike appendages (such as prolegs) on the
abdominal; segments,
* Often one or two pairs of wings, borne by the second and/or the
third of the three thoracic segments, and
* The postoral appendages of the head typically consisting of
mandibles, a pair of maxillae, labrum and labium
Characteristics of Insect
75
The grouping of
segments into a
functional region
is called
tagmosis.
76
provides rigidity for the
body and serve for the attachment of the muscles.
* Body wall/exoskeleton/integument
77
The insect body wall is composed of three parts
epidermal
cell, cuticle and basement membrane
78
is a cellular layer of the body wall that secretes molting
fluid involved in the growth process.
Epidermal cell
79
is non-cellular layer of the body wall that covers the entire body
surface and also lines the insects’ air tube lining, salivary glands and
parts of the digestive tracts while basement membrane separates body
wall from internal organs.
Cuticle
80
is the outermost
thin layer which contains
cuticulin, wax, and cement
epicuticle
81
is middle part which
gives the cuticle its
characteristics strength and
resilience. It is formed of chitin
a polysaccharide resistant
substance insoluble to water,
alcohol, alkali, and dilute acids.
Exocuticle
82
is the innermost
thick layer of the insect cuticle.
Endocuticle
83
e like anterior
body segment of an insect which
bears the eyes, antennae and
mouthparts.
globular to capsule
84
* The condition wherein the mouthparts are at the right angle to
the body axis.
* Hypo-below and gnathous – jaw
* Examples: grasshoppers, roaches, mantids, larvae of moths
and butterflies.
Hypognathous head
85
* head is a condition wherein the mouthparts
are projecting backward between the legs.
* Opistho – behind, gnathous – jaw
* Examples: cicada, bugs, leafhoppers
Opisthognathous head
86
is an insect head wherein the mouthparts is
in line to the body axis that commonly seen in carnivorous
and/or forms that burrow in wood or soil.
* Pro – infront, gnathous – jaw
* Examples: termites and ground beetle
Prognathous head
87
are tooth-like structure used for chewing, grinding, tearing or
pinching-off solid food and heavily sclerotized, paired and unsegmented
Mandibles -
88
helps in putting the food into the mouth, paired segmented
structures used for mastication and lie directly behind the mandibles. It is
divided into five parts namely: cardo, stipes, galea, lacinia and palpus
* Maxillae -
89
- is the “upper lip” which is movable and flap-like structure
Labrum -
90
- is the “lower lip” found posterior to the maxillae, divided into two
parts: postlabium or basal postmentum and prelabium or distal prementum
Labium
91
is the central tonguelike which drops from the membranous
floor of the head, and bears the opening of the salivary ducts.
* Hypopharnyx
92
e is a type of mouthparts that mandibles
cut off and grind solid food, and the maxillae and labium push it into
the esophagous
* Examples: adults of Orthoptera, Isoptera, Odonata, Coleoptera, etc
Mandibulate or chewing type
93
the mandibles are produced into sharp
blabes, and the maxillae into long probing style. The two cut and tear
the integument causing blood to flow from the wound. Blood is
collected by the sponge-like labium and conveyed into the
hypopharynx.
* Examples are: horseflies, black flies and other Dipterans.
Cutting-Sponging type
94
the mandibles and maxillae are non-functional and
the remaining parts form a proboscis with a sponge-like apex called
labella. The solid food (ex. Sugar) is converted into liquid before
sucking it up
* Example: housefly
Sponging type
95
is where the mandibles and labrum are of
chewing type and are used for grasping prey, molding wax or nest
materials. The labium and maxillae are developed into an elongate
structures to get nectars from flowers.
* Examples: bees, wasps, ants
* Chewing-Lapping type
96
is the mouthparts of this group are modified to
pierce tissues and suck juices from them. The labrum, mandible and
maxillae are slender and long and fit together to form hollow needle
(beak), the labium, a stout sheath hold this needle rigid, during feeding,
the insect presses the entire beak against the host then insert the needle
into the host tissues and suck the sap through the needle into the
esophagous
* Examples: mosquitoes, hemipterans, homopterans, bedbugs
Piercing-Sucking type
97
is the type of mouthpart where the food either nectar
of liquid food already is sucked up by means of a long proboscis
composed only of a united galea of each maxillae
* Examples: moths and butterflies
Siphoning type
98
has a cone-shaped beak formed from clypeus,
labrum, parts of the maxillae and labium, this beak contain the
maxillae, hypopharynx, and the left mandible together these
structures form called stylet.
* Example: Thrips use the beak to rasp host tissues and take up liquid food
through the stylet
* Rasping- Sucking type
99
is an elongated, segmented structures of varying designs
and sizes, used for sensory purposes and sometimes for defense and
composed of three (3) main parts:
Antennae
100
– basal segment
scape
101
second segment
pedicel
102
whiplike part beyond the pedicel
flagellum
103
bristlelike, segments taper distally.
* Examples: green leafhopper, damselfly, dragonfly
Setaceous –
104
– threadlike, segments nearly uniformly cylindrical in size.
* Examples: grasshoppers, crickets, roaches, tiger and ground beetle
Filiform –
105
beadlike, segments similar in size and nearly
spherical in shape.
* Example: termites
Moniliform –
106
sawlike, the distal half or 2/3 of the antennal segments
more or less triangular.
* Example: click beetles
Serrate
107
comblike, most segments with long slender lateral
process.
* Example: fire-colored beetles
Pectinate
108
– clubbed, segments gradually increase in diameter distally.
* Example: ladybird beetle
Clavate
109
– having a head, terminal segments suddenly enlarged.
* Example: sap beetle
Capitate
110
leaflike, terminal segments expanded laterally to form
rounded lobes.
* Example: june beetle
Lamellate
111
elbowed, the first segment is long and the following
segments are small and going off at an angle to the first.
* Examples: ants, chalcid wasps, bees
Geniculate
112
feathery, most segments with whorls of long hair.
* Example: male mosquitoes
Plumose
113
the last segment enlarged and bears a conspicuous dorsal
bristle called arista.
* Example – house fly
Aristate –
114
the last segment with an elongated terminal style like or
finger like process, the style.
* Example: robber fly, snipe fly
Stylate
115
are located on each side of the head of most adult
insects, which consist of many hexagonal elements known as facets or
ommatidia.
Compound eyes
116
are located between compound eyes on the front of the head, there are three of them, upper two are in pair, one
on each side of the meson and are called the lateral ocelli, the lower
one on the meson is the median ocellus. They are small and have a
single lens.
Simple eyes or ocelli
117
is the middle region of the insect body which is connected
from the head by a flexible membranous neck (cervix).
Thorax
118
Thorax contains 3 distinct segments
prothorax, mesothorax and
metathorax
119
are articulated appendages comprising five segments.
* Legs
120
the proximal segment that is usually short and stout
Coxa
121
connects the coax with the femur
Trochanter –
122
– the stoutest and sometime the largest segment of the leg in some
instances, it is armed with strong spines
Femur
123
is often a long, slender structure with downward-pointing spines
that aid in climbing.
Tibia
124
– usually made up of several subsegments called tarsomeres,
terminate in a pretarsus.
Tarsus –
125
usually include in a pair of claws, between the claw for adhesion purposes is
called the arolium
pretarsus
126
grasping forelegs of preying mantis
Raptorial legs
127
running legs of roaches
Cursorial legs
128
digging forelegs of mole crickets
Fossorial legs
129
jumping hindlegs of grasshoppers and fleas
Saltatorial legs
130
swimming legs of aquatic insects
. Natatorial legs
131
– hindlegs of honeybees
pollen basket for gathering pollen
132
show much diversity, varying in shape, texture, and coloration
* Insect wings
133
forewing of beetles (Coleoptera) - are thick and hard with uniform texture
which is used to protect the soft abdomen
. Elytra –
134
– forewing of true bugs (Hemiptera) are a combination of thick and
soft, flexible and almost transparent apex or posterior part.
. Hemelytra
135
wings of thrips (Thysanoptera), are hair-like along the margins of
the central using structure.
Fringed type
136
wings of caddisflies (Trichoptera), are soft, flexible,
translucent or transparent with prominent wing viens.
Membranous type
137
– hindwings of flies and mosquitoes (Diptera), are small knob-like
structures which are use for balancing instead of flight
Halteres
138
forewing of grasshoppers, roaches (Orthoptera) - are leathery
frontwings which serves to protect the membranous hindwings and soft abdomen.
Tegmina
139
* Some insects like male crickets and grasshoppers (Orthoptera) are
able to make sounds with the wings by rubbing either – of the two
mesothoracic wings together or by rubbing the primary wings to the
hindlegs.
140
* It is the third body region of an insect and usually the largest part
especially among females.
* It is primarily for reproduction, excretion and digestion because the
abdomen bears the genitalia, the anus, outwardly, and the digestive system
inside, respectively.
* In some insects such as bees and wasps, the distal end of the abdomen is
specialized into a short needle-like extension for stinging their enemies.
* Typically, abdomen is composed of 11 segments however the last segment
is usually reduced and is represented only by appendages. The first eight
segments are generally similar in structures / architecture, which bears a
pair of laterally located spiracles.
Abdomen
141
These are external openings of the respiratory system found along
the side of the thorax and the abdomen.
Spiracles
142
The main auditory organ of an insect. This is located on the
first abdominal tergite in grasshoppers but may be found elsewhere in the
body of other insects
Tympanum
143
slender, pointed structures found on the eleventh segment of the
abdomen. These are inconspicuous in some insects such as locust but are
long and many-jointed in silverfish and mayfly. For the case of Earwigs, cerci
are modified into forcep-like structure
Cerci
144
The change in form during the development period after the
embryonic development.
* The process by which an insect shed off old skin (cuticle) to provide
enough space to grow is called Ecdysis/Molting.
* Most insects molts at least three or four times during normal
development.
Metamorphosis of insects
145
/No metamorphosis is a type of metamorphosis where
there is no change in the appearance of the young compared to the
adult, except in size and development of reproductive structures or
genitalia. Stages of this type are egg, young, adult.
* Examples are: Collembola, Protura, Diplura and Thysanura.
Ametabolous
146
is a type of metamorphosis that shows distinct changes during
growth and development. There are three (3) types of it:
Metabolous
147
s type of metabolous simple, gradual or direct
metamorphosis in which the immatures (nymph) resemble the parent (adult)
except size, wings and genitalia development.
Paurometabolous
148
s the second type of metabolous having incomplete
metamorphosis in which accessory organs like gills are present in immature
which is called naiads.
Hemimetabolous
149
is the third type of metabolous having complete
metamorphosis where all stages differ in appearance
Holometabolous
150
supplies nourishment to the developing egg.
Yolk
151
– a sheath that covers the yolk.
Vitelline membrane
152
or shell which gives protection to the egg.
Chorion –
153
consists of one or more very minute openings thru which the
male sperm enters and fertilization takes place.
Microphyle
154
a lid or cap thru which the young escape
Operculum
155
the young proceeding from the egg
* - Characterized as the following feeding and developing stage that
usually cover the longest period in the life cycle.
Larva
156
larva stage of growth refers mostly to caterpillars before
the metamorphosis into a butterfly takes place. Caterpillars are
instantly recognizable worldwide. They’re usually cylindrical, have a
head, and even have rudimentary antennae.
Eruciform
157
is normally labeled a grub. Some of the larvae within
this group somewhat resemble caterpillars. However, for the most part,
they are much smaller than caterpillars, have a C-shape, and have a
developed and recognizable head.
Scarabaeiform
158
This larva stage of growth highly resembles nymphs. They don’t look
anything like what the casual observer would think of a larva. Like most
insects, they have a distinguishable head, abdomen, legs, antennae, and a
flat body.
Campodeiform
159
larva stage of growth resemble centipedes or
millipedes, without the obvious legs. The body usually has a large number of
segments, is longer than the average caterpillar, and has tiny body hairs or
bristles.
elaterifrom
160
These larva-stage insects
resemble maggots. Maggots,
the larva stage of flies, are
vermiform larvae. They are tiny,
usually an off-white or cream
color, and lack any
distinguishing features outside
of their bodies.
Vermiform
161
the active developing stage in paurometabolous insects
Nymphs
162
the resting (inactive/quiescent) or reorganization stage of
homometabolous insects.
* Types of
* Obtect
* Exarate
* Coarctate
Pupa
163
the final instar in the development of an insect in which all
of the external characteristics are well defined.
* - The internal systems fully matured or complete.
Adult
164
both males and females are required.
* - Eggs will develop if fertilized by sperm.
* - Most insects reproduce this way.
Bisexual reproduction
165
only females are required to reproduce the
young.
Parthenogenesis
166
is a special type or an exceptional type of
reproduction where the larvae of some hymenopterans are capable
of reproducing.
Paedogenesis
167
the eggs are laid
and left unattended to hatch.
oviparous,
168
Other insects produce live young and are called
viviparous
169
