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CPI > Lesson 3 > Flashcards

Lesson 3 Flashcards

1
Q

the process of treating water, so it is more appropriate for a given use, whether for consumption, manufacturing, or even disposal

A

Water conditioning

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2
Q

 a natural treatment process to neutralize waste by accumulating them in biological or stabilization ponds
 keeps pollution at a minimum level
 effects savings in neutralization costs

A

Waste lagooning

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3
Q

are important factors in choosing plant location.

A

Water quality and quantity

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4
Q

 water from lakes, rivers and streams and is drawn into the public water supply by an intake
 used for drinking, irrigation, electricity

A

Surface water

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5
Q

 located underground in large aquifers and must be pumped out of the ground after drilling a deep well
 more suitable for cooling purposes, but harder (may cause scaling)

A

Groundwater

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6
Q

is that which contains objectionable amounts of dissolved salts of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg), usually present as bicarbonates, chlorides, sulfates and nitrates.

A

Hard water

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7
Q

is a type of fouling caused by inorganic salts in the water circuit of the heat exchanger. It increases the pressure drop and insulates the heat transfer surface, thus preventing efficient heat transfer

A

Scaling

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8
Q

•Caused by bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium
•Can usually be greatly reduced by heating

A

Carbonate (Temporary) Hardness

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9
Q

•Due to the sulfates and chlorides of calcium and magnesium
•Requires the use of chemical agents for removal

A

Noncarbonate (Permanent) Hardness

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10
Q

any minerals, salts, metals, cations or anions dissolved in water

A

Dissolved solids (DS)

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11
Q

inorganic salts (principally Ca, Mg, K, Na, bicarbonates, chlorides, and sulfates) and some small amounts of organic matter that are dissolved in water

A

Total dissolved solids (TDS)

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12
Q

The Philippines obtains its water supply from these sources:

A

Rainfall, surface water, groundwater

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13
Q

Water use of high income countries

A
  1. Industrial
  2. Agricultural
  3. Domestic
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14
Q

Water use of low and middle income countries

A
  1. Agricultural
  2. Industrial
  3. Domestic
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15
Q

Water use in the Philippines in 2000

A
  1. Agriculture
  2. Domestic
  3. Industries
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16
Q

ratio of gross water use to intake

A

Recycle rates

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17
Q

Ancient Greek and Indians treat drinking water by

A

charcoal filtration
sunlight exposure
boiling
straining

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18
Q

term applied to processes which remove or reduce the hardness of water

A

Softening

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19
Q

refers to the removal of organic matter and microorganisms from water

A

Purification

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20
Q

– the removal of suspended solids and solid particles
– may be combined with cold-water softening by precipitation

A

Clarification

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21
Q

Methods of Water Conditioning

A
  1. Ion Exchange
  2. Lime-soda Process
  3. Phosphate Conditioning
  4. Silica Removal
  5. Deaeration
  6. Demineralization and Desalting
  7. Purification
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22
Q

The current large expenditures for pollution control in the U.S. reflect
mainly the intervention of the federal government with strict laws. These laws are enforced by the

A

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

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23
Q

A focal point of the 1972 law is the _______________, which regulates point sources of water pollution.

A

National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)

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24
Q

typical ph of acid rain

A

3.5

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25
Q

standards for the following industries were set by the EPA in 1971

A

fossil-fuel steam generators
incinerators
nitric acid plants
sulfuric acid plants
portland cement plants

26
Q

provided federal financial assistance but last the control problem to the states

A

clean air act, 1963

27
Q

established the first federal emission standards for cars

A

amended clean air act, 1965

28
Q

6 criteria air pollutants

A

carbon monoxide
lead
ground-level ozone
particulate matter
nitrogen dioxide
sulfur dioxide

29
Q

the various gaseous pollutants from industrial processes, it has probably received the most attention

A

sulfur dioxide

30
Q

typically used disposal method for radioactive wastes

A

deep geological repositories

31
Q

are being used to eliminate the need for storing liquid radioactive materials, and thus the possibility of seepage of waste through a deteriorating container

A

vitrification and granulation

32
Q

the easy method of disposal in the past

A

dilution

33
Q

the amount of treatment required is usually measured on one of two bases

A

amount of suspended solids
the biochemical oxygen demand

34
Q

the amount of molecular oxygen required by a microbial population to stabilize biodegradable organic material

A

biochemical oxygen demand

35
Q

methods of sewage treatment are usually divided into

A

primary or physical treatment
secondary or biochemical treatment
tertiary treatment

36
Q

contains aerobic microorganisms that digest raw sewage

A

activated sludge

37
Q

brewery waste are usually treated via

A

trickling filters

38
Q

it is the process of breaking down materials without oxidation

A

pyrolysis

39
Q

the enrichment of waters with nutrients is referred to as

A

eutrophication

40
Q

is useful for a wide range of organic waste, and as a bonus, produces methane-rich fuel gas that can be burned in the power plant

A

anaerobic treatment

41
Q

is one such method and offers an opportunity to recover inorganic chemicals

A

wet air oxidation

42
Q

occurs when the mobile, positively charged cations fix to the negatively charged fix group of the ion exchanger, exchanges for another cation in the solution

A

cation exchange

43
Q

occurs when the mobile negatively charged anion attached to the positively charged fix group of the ion exchange resin is exchange for another anion in the solution

A

anion exchange

44
Q

is a chemical reaction in which mobile hydrated ions of a solid are exchanged, equivalent for equivalent, for ions of like charge and solution

A

ion exchange

45
Q

the first products used industrially for ion-exchange were

A

naturally occurring inorganic zeolites

46
Q

any of a large group of minerals consisting of hydrated aluminosilicates of sodium potassium calcium and barium

A

zeolite

47
Q

most widely employed method for softening water. during the softening process calcium and magnesium ions are removed from hard water by cation exchange for sodium ions

A

sodium cation exchange process

48
Q

closely resembles the sodium cation procedure except that the exchange resins contain an exchangeable hydrogen ion and can be employed to remove all cations

A

hydrogen cation exchange process

49
Q

the use of slaked lime ends of soda ash to remove hardness in water

A

lime soda process

50
Q

is employed chiefly for partial softening and ordinarily uses only cheaper line for each reagent reactions.

A

cold lime process

51
Q

is employed almost entirely for conditioning boiler feedwater

A

hot lime soda process

52
Q

this process is used in internal conditioning of boiler water, on the one hand and conditioning of cooling and process water, on the other

A

phosphate conditioning

53
Q

utilizes the application of pressure above the osmotic pressure to force pure water through a semipermeable membrane from the concentrated brine solution

A

reverse osmosis

54
Q

is commonly applied to any process used to affect partial or complete demineralization of highly saline water such as a seawater or brackish waters

A

desalting or desalinization

55
Q

the only other process for removing all the ions in water

A

distillation

56
Q

the most commonly used method of producing water with only a trace of silica

A

demineralization

57
Q

is also widely used for minimizing the corrosion and pick up of iron by water in circulating cooling systems, in plant water distribution systems, and in municipal systems

A

sodium hexametaphosphate

58
Q

is advantageous where the boiler water naturally tends to become to alkaline, because it reduces this excess alkalinity by reverting to an acid orthophosphate in the boiler

A

sodium hexametaphosphate

59
Q

Utilizes ion exchange members in an electrical field and depends upon the fact that when a direct electric current is passed through saline water in a series of closely space alternately place cation exchange and anion exchange remembrance cation passed through the cation exchange and membrane

A

Electrodialysis

60
Q

Is often necessary to condition water properly for industrial boiler use although this is unnecessary for a municipal waters

A

deaeration of water

61
Q

The nation’s initial program covering all navigable waterways was passed and is known as the

A

Water pollution control act of 1972

62
Q

Is an energy-saving biological method of removing organic matter from wastewater

A

Anaerobic fermentation

CPI (4 decks)

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