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CPI > Lesson 3 > Flashcards

Lesson 3 Flashcards

1
Q

the process of treating water, so it is more appropriate for a given use, whether for consumption, manufacturing, or even disposal

A

Water conditioning

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2
Q

 a natural treatment process to neutralize waste by accumulating them in biological or stabilization ponds
 keeps pollution at a minimum level
 effects savings in neutralization costs

A

Waste lagooning

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3
Q

are important factors in choosing plant location.

A

Water quality and quantity

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4
Q

 water from lakes, rivers and streams and is drawn into the public water supply by an intake
 used for drinking, irrigation, electricity

A

Surface water

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5
Q

 located underground in large aquifers and must be pumped out of the ground after drilling a deep well
 more suitable for cooling purposes, but harder (may cause scaling)

A

Groundwater

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6
Q

is that which contains objectionable amounts of dissolved salts of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg), usually present as bicarbonates, chlorides, sulfates and nitrates.

A

Hard water

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7
Q

is a type of fouling caused by inorganic salts in the water circuit of the heat exchanger. It increases the pressure drop and insulates the heat transfer surface, thus preventing efficient heat transfer

A

Scaling

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8
Q

•Caused by bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium
•Can usually be greatly reduced by heating

A

Carbonate (Temporary) Hardness

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9
Q

•Due to the sulfates and chlorides of calcium and magnesium
•Requires the use of chemical agents for removal

A

Noncarbonate (Permanent) Hardness

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10
Q

any minerals, salts, metals, cations or anions dissolved in water

A

Dissolved solids (DS)

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11
Q

inorganic salts (principally Ca, Mg, K, Na, bicarbonates, chlorides, and sulfates) and some small amounts of organic matter that are dissolved in water

A

Total dissolved solids (TDS)

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12
Q

The Philippines obtains its water supply from these sources:

A

Rainfall, surface water, groundwater

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13
Q

Water use of high income countries

A
  1. Industrial
  2. Agricultural
  3. Domestic
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14
Q

Water use of low and middle income countries

A
  1. Agricultural
  2. Industrial
  3. Domestic
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15
Q

Water use in the Philippines in 2000

A
  1. Agriculture
  2. Domestic
  3. Industries
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16
Q

ratio of gross water use to intake

A

Recycle rates

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17
Q

Ancient Greek and Indians treat drinking water by

A

charcoal filtration
sunlight exposure
boiling
straining

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18
Q

term applied to processes which remove or reduce the hardness of water

A

Softening

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19
Q

refers to the removal of organic matter and microorganisms from water

A

Purification

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20
Q

– the removal of suspended solids and solid particles
– may be combined with cold-water softening by precipitation

A

Clarification

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21
Q

Methods of Water Conditioning

A
  1. Ion Exchange
  2. Lime-soda Process
  3. Phosphate Conditioning
  4. Silica Removal
  5. Deaeration
  6. Demineralization and Desalting
  7. Purification
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22
Q

The current large expenditures for pollution control in the U.S. reflect
mainly the intervention of the federal government with strict laws. These laws are enforced by the

A

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

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23
Q

A focal point of the 1972 law is the _______________, which regulates point sources of water pollution.

A

National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)

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24
Q

typical ph of acid rain

A

3.5

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25
standards for the following industries were set by the EPA in 1971
fossil-fuel steam generators incinerators nitric acid plants sulfuric acid plants portland cement plants
26
provided federal financial assistance but last the control problem to the states
clean air act, 1963
27
established the first federal emission standards for cars
amended clean air act, 1965
28
6 criteria air pollutants
carbon monoxide lead ground-level ozone particulate matter nitrogen dioxide sulfur dioxide
29
the various gaseous pollutants from industrial processes, it has probably received the most attention
sulfur dioxide
30
typically used disposal method for radioactive wastes
deep geological repositories
31
are being used to eliminate the need for storing liquid radioactive materials, and thus the possibility of seepage of waste through a deteriorating container
vitrification and granulation
32
the easy method of disposal in the past
dilution
33
the amount of treatment required is usually measured on one of two bases
amount of suspended solids the biochemical oxygen demand
34
the amount of molecular oxygen required by a microbial population to stabilize biodegradable organic material
biochemical oxygen demand
35
methods of sewage treatment are usually divided into
primary or physical treatment secondary or biochemical treatment tertiary treatment
36
contains aerobic microorganisms that digest raw sewage
activated sludge
37
brewery waste are usually treated via
trickling filters
38
it is the process of breaking down materials without oxidation
pyrolysis
39
the enrichment of waters with nutrients is referred to as
eutrophication
40
is useful for a wide range of organic waste, and as a bonus, produces methane-rich fuel gas that can be burned in the power plant
anaerobic treatment
41
is one such method and offers an opportunity to recover inorganic chemicals
wet air oxidation
42
occurs when the mobile, positively charged cations fix to the negatively charged fix group of the ion exchanger, exchanges for another cation in the solution
cation exchange
43
occurs when the mobile negatively charged anion attached to the positively charged fix group of the ion exchange resin is exchange for another anion in the solution
anion exchange
44
is a chemical reaction in which mobile hydrated ions of a solid are exchanged, equivalent for equivalent, for ions of like charge and solution
ion exchange
45
the first products used industrially for ion-exchange were
naturally occurring inorganic zeolites
46
any of a large group of minerals consisting of hydrated aluminosilicates of sodium potassium calcium and barium
zeolite
47
most widely employed method for softening water. during the softening process calcium and magnesium ions are removed from hard water by cation exchange for sodium ions
sodium cation exchange process
48
closely resembles the sodium cation procedure except that the exchange resins contain an exchangeable hydrogen ion and can be employed to remove all cations
hydrogen cation exchange process
49
the use of slaked lime ends of soda ash to remove hardness in water
lime soda process
50
is employed chiefly for partial softening and ordinarily uses only cheaper line for each reagent reactions.
cold lime process
51
is employed almost entirely for conditioning boiler feedwater
hot lime soda process
52
this process is used in internal conditioning of boiler water, on the one hand and conditioning of cooling and process water, on the other
phosphate conditioning
53
utilizes the application of pressure above the osmotic pressure to force pure water through a semipermeable membrane from the concentrated brine solution
reverse osmosis
54
is commonly applied to any process used to affect partial or complete demineralization of highly saline water such as a seawater or brackish waters
desalting or desalinization
55
the only other process for removing all the ions in water
distillation
56
the most commonly used method of producing water with only a trace of silica
demineralization
57
is also widely used for minimizing the corrosion and pick up of iron by water in circulating cooling systems, in plant water distribution systems, and in municipal systems
sodium hexametaphosphate
58
is advantageous where the boiler water naturally tends to become to alkaline, because it reduces this excess alkalinity by reverting to an acid orthophosphate in the boiler
sodium hexametaphosphate
59
Utilizes ion exchange members in an electrical field and depends upon the fact that when a direct electric current is passed through saline water in a series of closely space alternately place cation exchange and anion exchange remembrance cation passed through the cation exchange and membrane
Electrodialysis
60
Is often necessary to condition water properly for industrial boiler use although this is unnecessary for a municipal waters
deaeration of water
61
The nation's initial program covering all navigable waterways was passed and is known as the
Water pollution control act of 1972
62
Is an energy-saving biological method of removing organic matter from wastewater
Anaerobic fermentation

CPI (4 decks)

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