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CPI > Lesson 2 > Flashcards

Lesson 2 Flashcards

1
Q

the basic science for chemical industries

A

Chemistry

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2
Q

Chemical Engineer’s function:

A
  • To apply the chemistry of a particular process through the use of coordinated scientific and engineering principles
  • Develop the research laboratory results of the chemist into an
    economical chemical process
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3
Q

Chemical Engineer’s goal:

A

To have the conversion equal the yield

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4
Q

– fraction of raw material recovered as the main (desired) product
– the most important single factor in cost

A

Yield

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5
Q

– fraction changed to something else, whether products or by-products
– indicates the amount changed by a single pass through an apparatus when multiple passes are used

A

Conversion

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6
Q

Lower conversions =

A

larger plant size

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7
Q

Higher operating pressure =

A

greater yields but higher equipment costs

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8
Q

Faster reaction time =

A

closer approach to equilibrium, but requires larger, more expensive equipment

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9
Q

Improved catalysts =

A

shorter reaction time, but equilibrium remains unaffected

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10
Q
  • is the study of reaction speeds
  • It is essential in plant design, since reaction speed determines equipment size
A

Kinetics

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11
Q

are materials that increase reaction speed

A

Catalysts

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12
Q
  • Invented by German chemists Fritz Haber & Carl Bosch in 1909-1910 & won the Nobel prize
  • converts atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3) by combining it with hydrogen (H2)
A

The Haber-Bosch Process

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13
Q

provide a perfectly porous and high surface area material for the reaction

A

Iron (Fe) catalyst

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14
Q

Costs are most strongly affected by

A

material use and distribution

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15
Q
  • is an essential first step in any processing study
    – shows the original and ultimate disposition of all materials used in a process
A

Material Balance

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16
Q

is an energy-intensive industry

A

Chemical processing

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17
Q

Goal of chemical processing

A

towards reducing energy use

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18
Q

provide data on all phases of technical reactions

A

Thermodynamics

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19
Q

performing of an industrial process on material in batches of a limited quantity or number

A

Batch process

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20
Q

process where product comes out without interruption and not in groups

A

Continuous process

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21
Q

is a graphical representation of a process, coordinating the sequence of unit operations and unit processes

A

Flowchart

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22
Q

show material and energy flows and operating conditions

A

Simple blocks

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23
Q

show everything in a process and become extremely complicated

A

More elaborate blocks

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24
Q

show details, ex. fire lines, instruments & control systems, air lines, drains, etc.

A

Special blocks

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25
Q

Some factors that must be considered in planning a plant:

A

Pilot plants
Equipment
Corrosion, Materials of Construction

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26
Q

a specialist in current aspects of chemical process design

A

Process engineer

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27
Q

foresee and solve even the “less obvious” plant problems (maintenance, safety, conformation to standards)

A

Senior design engineer

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28
Q

advise, design, and/or erect chemical processing plants

A

Experienced consultants

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29
Q

small-scale units

A

Pilot plants

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30
Q

Pilot plants are designed to:

A
  • allow experiments that obtain design data for larger plants
  • (sometimes) produce significant quantities of a new product to permit user evaluation
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31
Q

Design engineers use ______ of procedures to determine data required for the design of a pilot plant

A

statistical analysis

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32
Q

“items necessary for a purpose”

A

Equipment

33
Q

Chemical engineers must be familiar with industrial equipment

A

 Pump
 Filter press
 Distillation tower
 etc

34
Q

the gradual destruction of materials (usually metals) by chemical and/or electrochemical reaction with their environment

A

Corrosion

35
Q

Corrosion-resistant materials:

A

 Rubber-covered steel
 Resin-bonded carbon
 Tantalum to resist HCl
 Polymeric organic materials

36
Q

Construction materials used by Chemical Engineers:

A

 Brick
 Cast iron
 Steel
 Wood
 Cement
 Platinum
 Tantalum
 Silver

37
Q

Function of Instruments:

A

 Not only to record process variables
 To assure consistent quality, i.e. sensing, controlling, recording, maintaining desired operating conditions

38
Q

Function of workers and supervisory chemical engineer:

A

To maintain the plant in proper running order

39
Q

Reasons for instrumentation

A

 Increase in continuous procedures
 Increased cost of labor and supervision
 Unreliability of human actions
 Availability of instruments

40
Q

Present current data, value or deviation from a norm

A

Indicating instruments

41
Q

Permit study and analysis

A

Recording instruments

42
Q

Permit study and analysis and present current data, value or deviation from a norm and control the operation

A

Indicating/Recording and Controlling instruments

43
Q

Show results by mechanical movement of some type of device, which is proportional to the quantity being measured

A

Analog instruments

44
Q

Utilize a transducer and electronic circuitry to convert signals to readable numerical figures (digits), which are displayed and/or recorded

A

Digital instruments

45
Q

a device to convert the quantity being measured into some type of signal (electrical or pneumatic)

A

Transducer

46
Q

conventional procedure used in factories for analysis of incoming raw material and outgoing product

A

Chemical analytical control

47
Q

fast, reliable, sensitive, has become economically feasible

A

Automated control

48
Q

Examples of systems that have been automated and used industrially

A
  1. Chromatography
  2. pH sensors and conductivity analysis
  3. Mass spectroscopy
49
Q

Engineers are distinguished from scientists by

A

their consciousness of costs and profits

50
Q

Engineers’ primary objective:

A

To safely deliver the best product or most efficient services at the lowest cost to employer and consumers

51
Q

is an outstanding characteristics of chemical procedures

A

Change

52
Q

Functions of the Research and Development (R&D) Division

A

 To be updated of progress
 To make knowledge of improvements or fundamental changes, which leads to the creation of any of the products of interest of the organization
 To know about the developments in other companies, and be able to advise the management of the relative competitive position of (actual or anticipated) processes or products

53
Q

must be exerted in most of the important discussions of the chemical engineer

A

Judgment based on comparative facts

54
Q

Yields and conversions of the chemical process form the basis for ____ which in turn are the foundation for cost determination.

A

material balances

55
Q

Engineers are concerned with the direction and control of

A

Energy

56
Q

Energy may be employed in the form of _______, or may be ________

A

heat of steam or electricity, given out in exothermic or absorbed in endothermic reactions.

57
Q

contribute as much to a plant’s success as excellence in design.

A

Skilled operators

58
Q

CPIs have moved rapidly into labor-saving techniques:

A

 Rapid extension of continuous processing
 Use of process controllers
 Optimizing procedures

59
Q

The single largest cost is

A

raw material

60
Q

Most errors in cost estimation are due to

A

underestimation of overhead, sales, customer service, and capital required to finance daily operations of the business.

61
Q
  • is the eye, ears, and nose of a company
  • brings information to aid in economic forecasting
A

Salesperson

62
Q

Prudent and proper location of a chemical plant is determined
largely by the availability of

A

raw materials, energy, transportation, and markets.

63
Q

Many other factors tor plant locations:

A

environmental constraints, water supply, availability of efficient labor, cost of land, waste disposal facilities

64
Q

Three Types of OSHA Standards:

A

 Initial standards
 Emergency temporary standards
 Permanent standards

65
Q

a natural process that converts a refined metal into a more chemically-stable form such as oxide, hydroxide, or sulfide

A

Corrosion

66
Q

are the real key to quality production.

A

Good operators and careful plant supervisors

67
Q

has a great influence on marketability.

A

The physical condition of the products

68
Q

substances that cause cancer

A

Carcinogens

69
Q

Substances that cause malformation of fetus

A

Teratogens

70
Q

The plant manager’s first responsibility is

A

to run a plant (trained personnel and efficient machines) so that they will safely turn out market-acceptable goods at a profit.

71
Q

Results and Benefits of Research

A
  1. New and improved processes
  2. Lower costs and lower prices of products
  3. Services and products never before known
  4. Change of rarities to common commercial supplies of practical
    usefulness
  5. Adequate supply of materials previously obtained only as byproducts
  6. Freedom from domination from foreign control
  7. Stabilization of business and industrial employment
  8. Products of improved quality
72
Q

are limited monopolies extending over 17 years and are given in exchange for the detailed public disclosure of new products and methods.

A

Patents

73
Q

are necessary in our competitive system of free enterprise so that research funds can be generously spent for improvements on old processes and for new and useful discoveries with a reasonable hope of at least return of the investment.

A

Patents

74
Q

the act of finding something that is new.

A

Invention

75
Q

– a grant of exclusive right to the inventor to his invention for a limited period of time.

A

Patent

76
Q

serves to protect the inventor and those who develop, manufacture, and sell the product from uncontrolled competition of parties who have not shared the burden of invention and commercialization.

A

Patent

77
Q

To produce a marketable product

A
  • a new idea in the form of an invention must be developed and embodied in a form suitable for manufacture, and
  • appropriate tools must be available so that the product can be manufactured at a cost acceptable to the public
78
Q

Commercial chemical processing involves

A

chemical conversions and physical operations and presupposes factory scale equipment and Chemical Engineering experience.

CPI (4 decks)

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