Lesson 3 Flashcards
* Lesson 3 * Difference between Ideas and Phantasms * Properties of Ideas: Comprehension, Extension * Classification of Terms
T or F
A metaphor is not the same as an analogy.
A metaphor is literally false; an analogy is not.
T
has two or more meanings which are partly the same, partly different and
related to each other.
ANALOGICAL
clear in the way
light is clear: it “comes through” to the mind.
CLEAR
T or F
Clarity is not quite the same as unambiguousness.
T
has one and only one meaning
Univocal
T or F
negative syllable are with the beginning,
like “un-“ or “non-“ or “in-“. But it is not always so.
T
a lack
of confusion between two meanings.
Unless a term is first of all clear, it cannot
be either ambiguous or unambiguous.
Clear
T or F
Strictly speaking no
term as such is ambiguous until it is used ambiguously.
T
it pertains to the individual member of the
group.
Divisively
means having more than one meaning.
“Ambiguous”
T or F
Vague terms are not necessarily ambiguous or unclear.
T
T or F
Vague terms are not necessarily ambiguous or unclear.
T
means “exaggeration.”
- This is routinely done by “media hype”
Hyperbole
T or F
To expose the equivocation or double identity of the equivocal term, use
these two steps:
- First identify the word or phrase that shifts its meaning
- Then identify the two different meanings by using two different
words or phrases.
T
There is no fallacy in a slogan as such, but in its use as a substitute for
argument
Slogan
The meaning is indeterminate because of the loose or awkward way in
which its words are combined
Amphiboly
Instead of proving that the thing it describes is good or bad, it assumes its
value or disvalue in the very description of it
Slanting can also be done by omitting relevant information and by
selecting only favorable or only unfavorable data
Slanting
Fallacies of Diversion
Ready get set GO!!
direct attack to the person
Ad Hominem
“appeal to authority”
Ad Verecundiam
appeal to force
Ad Baculum
appeal to pity
Ad misericordiam
fallacy of believing or doing something only because it is popular
Ad populum
idea must be true because we do not know that it is not
Ad ignorantiam
argument addressed to the person
Ad Hominem
appeal to shame
Ad Ignominiam
appeal to shame
Ad Ignominiam
FALLACIES OF OVERSIMPLIFICATION
ready get set go
Socially-fabricated qualities we attached on different groups or classes.
Like the Dicto simpliciter, it makes no exceptions.
Streotyping
“Pulling out” an idea and using it to one’s advantage while ignoring all the
other relevant concepts that support the said idea.
Quoting out of Context
Ignoring the fact that what is true of the part is not necessarily true of the
whole
Composition
consists in arguing “it is not this one extreme, therefore it must be the
opposite extreme.
Black and White Fallacy
- Application of a general principle to a special case without qualification
Dicto Simpliciter
- Ignoring the fact that what’s true to the whole is not always true to the part
Division
fallacy rooted on the principle that something is true in some special
case, therefore it is true simply
Special Case
