Lesson 3

Question 1

T or F
A metaphor is not the same as an analogy.

A metaphor is literally false; an analogy is not.

Answer 1

T

Question 2

has two or more meanings which are partly the same, partly different and
related to each other.

Answer 2

ANALOGICAL

Question 3

clear in the way

light is clear: it “comes through” to the mind.

Answer 3

CLEAR

Question 4

T or F

Clarity is not quite the same as unambiguousness.

Answer 4

T

Question 5

has one and only one meaning

Answer 5

Univocal

Question 6

T or F
negative syllable are with the beginning,
like “un-“ or “non-“ or “in-“. But it is not always so.

Answer 6

T

Question 7

a lack
of confusion between two meanings.

Unless a term is first of all clear, it cannot
be either ambiguous or unambiguous.

Answer 7

Clear

Question 8

T or F
Strictly speaking no
term as such is ambiguous until it is used ambiguously.

Answer 8

T

Question 9

it pertains to the individual member of the

group.

Answer 9

Divisively

Question 10

means having more than one meaning.

Answer 10

“Ambiguous”

Question 11

T or F

Vague terms are not necessarily ambiguous or unclear.

Answer 11

T

Question 12

T or F

Vague terms are not necessarily ambiguous or unclear.

Answer 12

T

Question 13

means “exaggeration.”

- This is routinely done by “media hype”

Answer 13

Hyperbole

Question 14

T or F
To expose the equivocation or double identity of the equivocal term, use
these two steps:

1. First identify the word or phrase that shifts its meaning
2. Then identify the two different meanings by using two different
   words or phrases.

Answer 14

T

Question 15

There is no fallacy in a slogan as such, but in its use as a substitute for
argument

Answer 15

Slogan

Question 16

The meaning is indeterminate because of the loose or awkward way in
which its words are combined

Answer 16

Amphiboly

Question 17

Instead of proving that the thing it describes is good or bad, it assumes its
value or disvalue in the very description of it

Slanting can also be done by omitting relevant information and by
selecting only favorable or only unfavorable data

Answer 17

Slanting

Question 18

Fallacies of Diversion

Answer 18

Ready get set GO!!

Question 19

direct attack to the person

Answer 19

Ad Hominem

Question 20

“appeal to authority”

Answer 20

Ad Verecundiam

Question 21

appeal to force

Answer 21

Ad Baculum

Question 22

appeal to pity

Answer 22

Ad misericordiam

Question 23

fallacy of believing or doing something only because it is popular

Answer 23

Ad populum

Question 24

idea must be true because we do not know that it is not

Answer 24

Ad ignorantiam

Question 25

argument addressed to the person

Answer 25

Ad Hominem

Question 26

appeal to shame

Answer 26

Ad Ignominiam

Question 27

appeal to shame

Answer 27

Ad Ignominiam

Question 28

FALLACIES OF OVERSIMPLIFICATION

Answer 28

ready get set go

Question 29

Socially-fabricated qualities we attached on different groups or classes.
Like the Dicto simpliciter, it makes no exceptions.

Answer 29

Streotyping

Question 30

“Pulling out” an idea and using it to one’s advantage while ignoring all the
other relevant concepts that support the said idea.

Answer 30

Quoting out of Context

Question 31

Ignoring the fact that what is true of the part is not necessarily true of the
whole

Answer 31

Composition

Question 32

consists in arguing “it is not this one extreme, therefore it must be the
opposite extreme.

Answer 32

Black and White Fallacy

Question 33

• Application of a general principle to a special case without qualification

Answer 33

Dicto Simpliciter

Question 34

• Ignoring the fact that what’s true to the whole is not always true to the part

Answer 34

Division

Question 35

fallacy rooted on the principle that something is true in some special
case, therefore it is true simply

Answer 35

Special Case