Lesson 1: Flashcards
* The Nature of Logic * Importance of Studying Logic * The Nature of Language: Functions, Forms of Discourse, Emotive Words
tool of critical
thinking
belongs in philosophy
Nature of Logic
meaning “treatise on matters pertaining to thought”
“Logike”
Philosophical science of correct reasoning
Logic
Why study LOGIC?
13 reason
Power Order Writing Reading Happiness Religious Faith Wisdom Democracy Defining logic's limit Truth Testing Authority Recognizing contradiction Certainty
T or F
Logic is important
T
THE 3 ACTS OF THE MIND
1st act of mind
2nd act of mind
3rd act of mind
T or F
the product of the second act of the mind is CONCEPT
F
1st yun
abstract representation of things and may be expressed or
defined by meaningful terms (ideas are synonymous with concepts)
concept
a person’s subjective expression of the term
CONCEPTS
objective expression of the terms
TERMS
Linguistic expression of a term
WORDS
builds the mental habit of thinking in
an orderly way through examination of
forms and structures of thought
Order
Mental product: syllogistic argument
Demonstration: correct and valid
form
Includes laws and patterns of correct
inference
Logic
Logic has _____:
leading to persuasion
Power
helps in reading any book clearly
and effectively
Reading
T or F
Logic can strengthen
faith
Clarify what is believed in
Deduce the necessary consequences of the belief and
apply it to difficult situations
Can give firmer reasons for faith than feelings,
desires, moods, etc.
T
When we attain what we desire, we are happy.
Whatever we desire is easier to attain when we think more clearly.
Logic helps us to think more clearly.
Therefore, Logic helps us to be happy.
T or F
T
one of Philosophy’s main
instruments
Wisdom
clear writing and clear thinking are
a “package deal”
Writing
social and political reasons in
studying Logic
Democracy
Logic can strengthen
faith
True
under: Religious Faith
no “inner limits”
If it is true that the sun will rise
tomorrow, then it is false that it will not
rise tomorrow.
Certainty
helps us find truth
by defining our terms
by giving good reasons, arguments, proofs
Truth
which
ideas contradict each
other
Recognizing
Contradictions
Language (3) Three Basic Functions
Informative
Expressive
Directive
Expressive – 2 components
Express feelings/emotions
Evoke feelings/emotions
2 Discourse Serving Multiple
Functions
Ceremonial Discourses
Performative Utterance
2 Classification of Sign
Natural
Artificial
2 Manifestations of Sign
Formal
Instrumental
one that manifests an object
from its likeness or resemblance to it:
ex. a photograph
Formal
the connection with the thing it
manifests is provided by common
understanding or agreement, which is usually tacit
ex. terms/words, flag of the nation
Articifial
one whose connection with the
object it manifests is given by nature
Ex. Heavy dark clouds → rain
Natural
one which manifests an object
from any other connection it bears to the latter,
aside from resemblance; signifies that the sign is
a means for knowing some other thing.
Ex. Thumbmark, terms/words
Instrumental
intended to cause an action
Directive
describes the word and the reason about it
Informative
2 components are as follows:
a. Express feelings or emotions
b. Evoke feelings or emotions
Expressive
Example: “I apologize…” “I congratulate…”
Performance Utterance
Example: “ I wed you thee” “I now pronounce you husband and wife”
Ceremonial Discourses
T or F
we can’t convince other people if we can’t present it in and orderly manner
T
T or F
Logic doesn’t give us a power
F
Logic can give us power of PERSUASION
T of F
there wrong and right proofs
F
there is no such thing us wrong proof
“package deal”
clear writing and clear thinking
T or F
if you follow the rules of logic and write in a logical manner you will be an effective writer because you will be able to persuade you reader and that is your POWER
T
T or F
it is easy to persuade people if you have evidences
and it is harder to persuade them if you arrange your evidences in an orderly manner
F
it is easier to persuade them if you arrange your evidences in an orderly manner
T or F
Logic won’t allow us to learn from our mistakes
F
it allow us
T or F
Logic helps us strengthen our faith and weaken it
T
T or F
logic can help us gain wisdom
T
T or F
Logical person are very easy to be swayed by emotions
F
can’t easily swayed ang taong logical
(Logical ka ba?)
T or F
we should be lead by reason and persuasion not by force
T
