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Nahw > Lesson 20: حروف غير عاملة > Flashcards

Lesson 20: حروف غير عاملة Flashcards

1
Q

How many groups of non-active particles are there? What are they?

A

There are sixteen types:

  1. Hurūf al-tanbīh
  2. Hurūf al-ījāb
  3. Hurūf al-tafsīr
  4. Hurūf masdariyya
  5. Hurūf al-tahdīd
  6. Hurūf al-tawaqqu’
  7. Hurūf al-istifhām
  8. Hurūf al-rad’
  9. Tanwīn
  10. Nūn al-ta’kīd
  11. Hurūf zā’ida
  12. Hurūf shartiyya
  13. Lawla
  14. Lām maftūha li-ta’kīd
  15. Mā bi-ma’nā mā dāma
  16. Hurūf al-‘ataf
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2
Q

How many hurūf al-tanbīh are there and what are they and state their meaning?

A

There are three:

اَمَا
Look
هَا
Look
أَلَا
See

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3
Q

How many hurūf al-ījāb are there? What are they and state their meaning?

A

There are six:

نَعَمْ
Yes
بَلَى
Of course
أَجَلْ
Certainly
إِيْ
Yes
جَيْرِ
Surely/truly
إِنَّ
Indeed

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4
Q

How many hurūf al-tafsīr are they? What are they and state their meaning?

A

There are two:

أَيْ
Meaning (i.e.)
أَنْ
That/to

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5
Q

Give an example of أَنْ used as harf al-tafsīr in the Qurān.

A

وَنَـٰدَيْنَـٰهُ أَن يَـٰٓإِبْرَٰهِيمُ
And we called out to him, ‘O Ibrahim!’
[al-Sāffāt: 104]

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6
Q

How many hurūf masdariyya are there? What are they? Mention what they enter on.

A

أَنَّ
أَنْ
مَا

From these مَا and أَنْ enter upon a فعل and then alongside the فعل they have the meaning of a مصدر.

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7
Q

How many hurūf al-tahdīd are there? What are they and state their meaning.

A

لَوْمَا
Had it not been for…
لَوْلَا
Were it not for…
هَلَّا
Why didn’t you…
أَلَّا
Lest…

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8
Q

How many hurūf al-tawaqqu’ are there? What are they? Mention what they enter on and what they show.

A

قَدْ

It enters upon فعل ماضى for تحقيق and تقريب.
It enters upon فعل مضارع for تقليل.

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9
Q

How many hurūf al-istifhām are there? What are they and state their meaning?

A

There are three, however technically there are only two because مَا is إسم استفهام not حرف استفهام.

The three are as follows:

هَلْ
Do[…]?
أ (هَمْزَة)
Is[…]?
مَا
What[…]?

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10
Q

How many types of tanwīn are there? What are they?

A

There are five types:

  1. Tanwīn al-tamakkun
  2. Tanwīn al-tankīr
  3. Tanwīn al-‘iwad
  4. Tanwīn al-muqābala
  5. Tanwīn al-tarannum
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11
Q

Give an example of tanwīn al-tamakkun. What does it do?

A

زَيْدٌ
Zayd

It shows that the إسم is منصرف

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12
Q

Give an example of tanwīn al-tankīr and state its meaning. Mention what it means with tanwīn and without tanwīn. Mention what tanwīn al-tankīr does.

A

صَهٍ
Hush

which means,
أُسْكُتْ سُكُوْتًا مَّا فِي وَقْتٍ مَّا
Remain silent; a silence such that may apply/applies at any time

However, the word صَهْ without the tanwīn would mean,
أُسْكُتْ السُّكُوْتَ الْآنَ
Stay silent now

Tanwīn al-tankīr shows that the إسم is إسم نكرة

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13
Q

Give an example of tanwīn al-‘iwad and state the meaning. Why does it appear?

A

يَوْمَئِذ ٍ
(On) that say

It comes in replacement of مضاف إليه

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14
Q

Give an example of tanwīn al-muqābala and state its meaning. Mention why it appears.

A

مُسْلِمَاتٍ
Muslim women

It comes in comparison to the نون of جمع مذكر سالم

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15
Q

When is tanwīn al-tarannum seen? Give an example and state the meaning. What has been mentioned in regard to what it enters upon and in comparison to what?

A

It comes at the end of poetry, like:

أَقِلِّي اللَّوْمَ عَاذِلَ وَ الْعِتَابَنْ
وَ قُوْلِي إِنْ أَصَبْتُ لَقَدْ أَصَابَنْ

O critic! Reduce the blame and censure,
And if I reach propriety; say, he has reached propriety

This type of tanwīn enters upon a فعل، إسمand حرف while the first four are specific to أسماء

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16
Q

Which types of tanwīn are specific to أسماء?

A
  1. Tanwīn al-tamakkun
  2. Tanwīn al-tankīr
  3. Tanwīn al-‘iwad
  4. Tanwīn al-muqābala
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17
Q

What does nūn al-ta’kīd include? Where do you find it and why? Give examples and state the meaning.

A

It includes nūn khafīfa and nūn thaqīla. It attaches itself to فعل مضارع for تأكيد.

Like:

إِضْرِبَنْ
Hit!

إِضْرِبَنَّ
Go hit!

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18
Q

How many hurūf zā’ida are there? What are they?

A

There are eight:

أَنْ
مَا
إِنْ
لَام
بَاء
كَاف
مِنْ
لَا

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19
Q

How many hurūf shartiyya are there? What are they and state their meaning?

A

There are two:

أَمَّا
As to/as for

لَوْ
If

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20
Q

What is أَمَّا for and what accompanies it? Give an example/s of this.

A

It is for تفسير and it is necessary to bring the letter ف in its reply.

Like the saying of Allah:

فَمِنْهُمْ شَقِىٌّۭ وَسَعِيدٌۭ

فَأَمَّا ٱلَّذِينَ شَقُوا۟ فَفِى ٱلنَّارِ

Some among them are ill-fated and the fortunate.
As for those who are ill-fated, they will be in the Fire.
[al-Hūd: 105 - 106]

وَأَمَّا ٱلَّذِينَ سُعِدُوا۟ فَفِى ٱلْجَنَّةِ

As for those who are fortunate, they will be in Paradise.
[al-Hūd: 108]

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21
Q

What does لَوْ enter upon? Mention an example and state the meaning.

A

It enters upon two مُتَنَفِّي (negated) things, like:

لَوْ كَانَ فِيهِمَآ ءَالِهَةٌ إِلَّا ٱللَّهُ لَفَسَدَتَا ۚ

Had there been within the heavens and earth gods besides Allah, they both would have been ruined.
[Anbiyā’: 22]

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22
Q

What does lawlā enter upon? What does it indicate? Mention an example and state the meaning.

A

It enters upon two things and indicates that the existence of the second and is dependant on the first, like:

لَوْلَا عَلِيُّ لَهَلَكَ عُمَرُ
If it were not for ‘Alī, ‘Umar would have perished

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23
Q

Give an example of lām maftūha li-ta’kīd and state the meaning.

A

لَزَيْدٌ أَفْضَلُ مِنْ عَمْرٍو
Certainly, Zayd is better than ‘Amr

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24
Q

Give an example of mā bi-ma’nā mā dāma and state its meaning.

A

أَقُوْمُ مَا جَلَسَ الْأَمِيْرُ
Remain standing as long as the commander sits

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25
Q

How many hurūf al-‘ataf are there? What are they? Mention their meaning.

A

There are ten:

أَمْ
Or

أَوْ
Or

إِمَّا
Either/whether

حَتَّى
Until

ثُمَّ
Then

فَ
Thus

وَ
And

لَكِن
But/however

بَلْ
Rather

لَا
No

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26
Q

What does tanbīh mean?

A

Alerting/cautioning

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27
Q

What can the hurūf al-tanbīh be used with?

Al-Bashīr

A

The harf هَا can be used with a مفرد or a جملة.

As for أَلَا and أَمَا they can only be used with a جملة.

28
Q

What is نَعَمْ used with and how?

Al-Bashīr

A

It is used with خيرية because we can say yes to it and affirm it. E.g. for ‘Zayd is standing’ we can reply yes and affirm.

29
Q

What is بَلَى used in answer to?

Al-Bashīr

A

جملة منفيّة
جملة إنشائيّة
جملة خبريّة

30
Q

Which hurūf al-ījāb are used for تصديق?

Al-Bashīr

A

أَجَلْ
جَيْرِ
إِنَّ

31
Q

What are أَجَلْ، جَيْرِ and إِنَّ used for?

Al-Bashīr

A

تَصْدِيْق

32
Q

When do we use إِيْ? Give an example.

Al-Bashīr

A

After a question where you want to affirm the question. E.g. has salah ended? It is an answer to جملة استفهاميّة.

33
Q

What will إِيْ always have with it? i.e. what is implied with it?

Al-Bashīr

A

It will always have قَسَم with it.

34
Q

What do hurūf al-tafsīr do?

Al-Bashīr

A

Clarify ambiguity

35
Q

What can each of the hurūf al-tafsīr be used for?

Al-Bashīr

A

The particle أَنْ can only be used for تفسير of a مفرد.

However, as for أَيْ it can be used for تفسير of both مفرد and جملة.

36
Q

In regard to hurūf masdariyya what are they used with individually?

Al-Bashīr

A

With أَنَّ it is used with an إسم.

As for أَنْ and مَا they are both used with فعل مضارع alongside a ما بعد which is in the meaning of the مصدر hence it is مفرد because مصدر is an اسم.

37
Q

Why is عَسَى يَخْرُجُ wrong?

Al-Bashīr

A

Because the فاعل can’t be a جملة. Therefore we need أَنْ مصدرية before the فعل so then we can say بِتَأْوِيْلِ الْمُفْرَد as it will give the meaning of the مصدر and مصدر is مفرد because it is an اسم and an اسم is a type of مفرد.

38
Q

Which hurūf masdariyya do عمل and which don’t?

Al-Bashīr

A

The مَا مصدريّة doesn’t do عمل.

As for أَنْ and أَنَّ they do عمل.

39
Q

From the hurūf masdariyya أَنْ and أَنَّ do عمل whereas مَا doesn’t. So why are they mentioned?

Al-Bashīr

A

Because مَا is غير عامل and أَنْ and أَنَّ are حروف مصدريّة so it was thought to mention them with مَا.

Additionally أَنَّ with مَا كافة has no عمل.
And أَنْ with فعل ماضي has no عمل.

40
Q

When do أَنَّ and أَنْ have no عمل?

Al-Bashīr

A

When أَنَّ is with ما كافة.

When أَنْ is with فعل ماضي.

41
Q

When would أَنْ مصدريّة come with فعل ماضي?

Al-Bashīr

A

When you do بِتَأْويلِ المفرد

42
Q

What does تحديد mean?

Al-Bashīr

A

To provoke. Inciting you to do something.

43
Q

What meaning does the particle قَدْ give when it enters on ماضي and what meaning when it enters on مضارع? Additionally, what is it always in the meaning of whether ماضي or مضارع?

Al-Bashīr

A

ماضي: تأكيد + تقريب (brings past close to present)

مضارع: تقليل + تكثير

Whether ماضي or مضارع:
ماضي + مضارع: تأكيد + تحقيق

44
Q

Why has مَا been mentioned with حروف الإستفهام when it is اسم الإستفهام?

Al-Bashīr

A
  1. It could have been a type and the author could have intended to write أَل which is حرف الإستفهام and instead wrote مَا.
  2. To gather them all in one place.
45
Q

What are حروف الرّد used for?

Al-Bashīr

A
  1. Prevention
  2. Sometimes for تحقيق
46
Q

Why is تنوين included in حروف غير عاملة?

Al-Bashīr

A

Originally it was a نون.

47
Q

What is the definition of تنوين? What does the definition negate?

Al-Bashīr

A

That نون that is ساكن (by default) by formulation and it occurs after the حركة of the last letter and it does not emphasise a فعل (taken out نون تأكيد خفيفة).

48
Q

Why has a definition been mentioned for تنوين?

Al-Bashīr

A

Because not every نون is the نون of تنوين so to exclude نون جمع and نون تثنية etc.

49
Q

Why does مِنْ not fall under the definition of تنوين?

Al-Bashīr

A
50
Q

Why does the definition of تنوين specifically mention that it does not emphasise a فعل? Mention an example.

Al-Bashīr

A

Because the نون تنوين can be for تأكيد of an إسم. That is why the speciality was mentioned.

For example: خُصْرٍ - in the Quran meaning ‘great loss’.

51
Q

What does تنوين التمكن denote?

Al-Bashīr

A

It denotes that the إسم is متمكن (معرب).

52
Q

What is تنوين تنكير only used with? What can the answer be made into with this تنوين?

Al-Bashīr

A

مبني

It can be made into نكرة with this تنوين.

53
Q

What type of word is صَهْ? What is the difference between صَهْ and صَهٍ? How would you translate صَهْ and صَهٍ?

Al-Bashīr

A

It is إسم فعل.

The difference is that صَهٍ is نَكِرَة.

The meaning of صَهْ is ‘be quiet’.
The meaning of صَهٍ is ‘be quiet right now’.

54
Q

What does تنوين عِوَد do?

A

It commonly replaces مضاف إليه.

55
Q

If تنوين عود replaces مضاف اليه, what did يومئذٍ replace? And why does it have a تنوين when مضاف doesn’t take تنوين?

A

يَوْمَ اِذْ كَانَ كَذَا

يَوْمَئِذٍ
is مضاف and is given تنوين to show that the مضاف اليه has been dropped.

56
Q

Is a تنوين always used for عود?

A

No

57
Q

What was the need for تنوين المقابلة? Mention with an example.

A

Because for جمع مؤنث سالم the نون is نون علامة جمع at the end so to give its opposite i.e. جمع مؤنث سالم a نون it is given a تنوين.

Additionally the نون for مذكر سالم can be dropped and so can the تنوين for مؤنث سالم when نكرة.

58
Q

Where does تنوين الترنم occur? Why?

A

At the end of poetry (either attached to an إسم or فعل) to maintain measure.

59
Q

What is تنوين تنكير used with and what does it show?

A

It is used with مبني to show it is نكرة and not معرفة.

60
Q

What is نون خفيفة and ثقيلة used with and what is in the meaning of?

A

Used with فعل مضارع in the meaning of مستقبل.

61
Q

What is the definition of حرف زائد?

A

If it were to be removed from the sentence it won’t affect the original meaning but it does affect the overall meaning.

62
Q

Why are حروف زائد used?

A
  1. For تأكييد.
  2. To beautify the speech (تَحْسِيْنُ الْكَلَام).
  3. To maintain the balance of rhythm and rhyme.
63
Q

Why have the last four حروف زائدة been mentioned in the chapter of حروف غير عامل when they are عامل? Additionally what are these حروف?

A

باء
كاف
من
لا

These four have been mentioned in the chapter of حروف غير عامل because they have a connection with the باب which is حروف زائدة even though they are عامل so they are in one place.

64
Q

What is أَمَّا and what is it used for? What does it do?

A

It is حرف شرطية and it is used for تَفْصِيْل (something unclear).

It does تَفْصِيْل of a مجمل سابق (something mentioned briefly before).

Sometimes it can be used for تفصير (originally).

Sometimes it can be used for اِسْتِعْنَاف (to start over).

65
Q

How many causes/instances can لَوْ come? What are they? Explain them. Use examples where possible. Make mention of laazim and malzoom.

A
  1. Intifa-e-thani (jaza) bi sabab intifa awwal (shart): denotes the fact that the second (jaza) is mutanaffi (negated). Because the shart is mutanaffi (negated, doesn’t exist).
  2. Intifa-e-awal (malzoom) bi sabab intifa-e-thani (laazim). The shart is the malzoom and the jaza is the lazim. Note: If the laazim is absent the malzoom is absent. If the laazim is absent the malzoom is definitely absent. We know the intifa-e-malzoom because of the intifa-e-lazim.
  3. Istimrar-e-jaza (continuity of the jaza). Two opposites are used to denote that the jaza is continuous. E.g. even if you dishonoured me, I would still honour you. Even though it is opposite it would still occur because of continuity.
66
Q

What does لَوْلَا signify?

A

The second is absent because the first is present.

Intifa-e-thani bi sabab wujud al-awwal.

لَوْلَا عَلِيُّ مَوْجُوْدٌ لَهَلَكَ عُمَرُ

Nahw (23 decks)

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