Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Skeletal System > Lesson 2: Types of Bones > Flashcards

Lesson 2: Types of Bones Flashcards

1
Q

➢ is a rigid connective tissue
➢ the hardest tissue in the body

A

Bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Bone Tissue is also called as …

A

Osseous Tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

hardness of bones depends on…

A

▪ crystallized inorganic mineral salts
▪ organic collagen fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

➢ initiated by osteoblasts (bone building cells)
➢ simply occurred when enough mineral salts were present to form crystals
➢ occurs only in the presence of collagen

A

Calcification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Types of Bone According to Distribution of Spaces

A

Compact Bone
Spongy Bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

➢ Dense, strong, with closely spaced lamellae (concentric layer of mineral deposits)
➢ Forms the external layer of all bones of the body and bulk of the diaphysis of long
bones
➢ Provides protection and support
➢ Helps the long bones resist the stress of weight placed on them
➢ Has many osteons/ Haversian system

A

Compact Bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

the basic functional unit of the compact bone

A

Osteons or Haversian System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

➢ Porous, light and weaker
➢ With widely spaced lamellae
➢ Does not contain true osteons (incomplete Haversian system)
➢ Consists of lamellae arranged in an irregular lattice work of thin plates of bone

A

Cancellous/Spongy Bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

lamellae arranged in an irregular lattice work of thin plates of bone

A

Trabeculae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Types of Bone According to Shape

A

Long Bones
Short Bones
Flat Bones
Irregular Bones
Sesamoid Bones
Accessory Bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

➢ Classified as such when its length is greater than its width
➢ Located in the extremities
➢ E.g. femur (longest bone), humerus, radius
➢ Acts as levers that are pulled out by contracting muscles

A

Long Bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

➢ Have equal length, width and thickness but irregular in shape
➢ E.g. carpal, tarsal

A

Short Bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

➢ thin and flat
➢ has two thin layers of compact bone with spongy bone tissue between them
➢ RBC are manufactured
➢ protection of body organs
➢ translucent and thin
➢ e.g. ribs, scapulae, cranial bones, sternum

A

Flat Bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

➢ bones that do not fit in any category
➢ comes in different shapes
➢ e.g. facial bones, hip bone, mandible, vertebra

A

Irregular Bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

➢ resemble sesame seeds -small and round
➢ found adjacent to joints
➢ e.g. patella (knee cap)
➢ eliminates friction
➢ provides slight support and protection

A

Sesamoid Bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

➢ most commonly found in the feet
➢ usually occur when developing bones do not fuse completely
➢ may look like extra bores/broken bones in X-rays
➢ add some slight support and protection to the area of the skeleton where they are
found

A

Accessory Bones or Supernumerary Bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Gross Anatomy of Long Bones

A

Diaphysis
Epiphyses
Metaphysis
Articular Cartilage
Endosteum
Periosteum
Medullary Cavity/ Marrow Cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

➢ shaft or long main portion of the bone
➢ hollow cylinder which contains medullary yellow bone marrow in adult
➢ primarily a storage area for adipose tissue

A

Diaphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

➢ distal and proximal extremities or ends of the bone
➢ composed of spongy bone covered by thin layer of compact zone
➢ contains red marrow (where some RBC’s are manufactured during childhood and
adolescence)
➢ erythropoietic activity in the adult mainly occurs in the flat bones and vertebrae
- wider than the shaft

A

Epiphyses (Proximal & Distal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

➢ region in a mature bone where the diaphysis joins the epiphysis
➢ made up of epiphyseal plate and the adjacent bony trabeculae

A

Metaphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

➢ thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the epiphysis; where the bone forms an
articulation with another bone
➢ provides a smooth, slippery surface that decreases friction at joint movement,
absorbs shock at freely movable joints

A

Articular Cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

➢ membrane that lines the internal cavities of bones
➢ covers the trabeculae of spongy bone tissue
➢ contains osteoprogenitor cells and osteoclasts

A

Endosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

➢ strong fibrous membrane that covers and protects the diaphysis
➢ has the potential to form bone during growth periods and in fracture healing
➢ contains nerves, lymphatic vessels, blood vessels and bone cells necessary for
growth, repair and nutrition
➢ gives the distinctive pink color of living bone

A

Periosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

layer of periosteum
composed of dense, irregular connective tissue containing blood vessels lymphatic vessels and nerves that pass into the bone

A

Outer Fibrous Layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

layer of periosteum
contains elastic fiber, blood vessels, and bone cells

A

Inner Osteogenic Layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

central part of the structure
space within the diaphysis that contains the fatty yellow bone marrow in adults

A

Medullary Cavity or Marrow Cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Two Kinds of Bone Marrow

A

Red Marrow & Yellow Marrow

28
Q

➢ found at the epiphyses of long bones and at the center of other bones
➢ found in all cancellous bones of children
➢ forms RBCs, platelets and WBCs
➢ in adults, located in the cancellous bone of me vertebrae, hips, sternum, ribs,
cranial bones, and proximal ends of the femur and humerus

A

Red Marrow

29
Q

➢ found chiefly in the medullary cavity of a long bone
➢ composed of adipose tissue
➢ fat storage

A

Yellow Marrow

30
Q

Microscopic Anatomy of Bones

A

Osteon
Central/Haversian Canals
Lamellae
Lacunae
Canaliculi
Volkmann’s Canals/ Perforating Canals

31
Q

➢ Haversian system
➢ basic functional unit of compact bone
➢ cylinders of calcified bone
➢ only seen in adult compact tissue

A

Osteon

32
Q

➢ found in the center of the osteon
➢ enclosed by concentric lamellae
➢ usually run longitudinally thru the bone
➢ contains nerves, lymphatic vessels and blood vessels supplying the bone

A

Central Canal or Haversian Canal

33
Q

➢ ring of hard, calcified matrix
➢ concentric cylindrical layer of calcified bone
➢ makes up cylinders of Osteons

A

Lamellae

34
Q

➢ “little lakes”
➢ small spaces between the lamellae
➢ tiny cavities arranged in concentric circles where osteocytes are found

A

Lacunae

35
Q

➢ tiny canals radiating from the lacunae to all directions
➢ filled with ECF and slender, fingerlike processes of osteocytes
➢ connect lacunae with one another and eventually with the central canals
➢ provides many routes for nutrients and 02 to each the osteocytes and wastes to
diffuse away

A

Canaliculi

36
Q

➢ serves as communication pathway from the outside of the bone to is inferior
➢ where blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves from the periosteum penetrate
the compact bone

A

Volkmann’s Canals or Perforating Canals

37
Q

Types of Bone Cells

A

Osteogenic/Osteoprogenitor Cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
Bone Lining Cells

38
Q

➢ unspecialized cells derived from mesenchyme (tissue from which all
connective tissues are derived)
➢ can undergo mitosis and develop into osteoblasts during time: of stress and
healing
➢ found in the inner portion of periosteum, in the endosteum and in the canals
of the bone that contain blood vessels

A

Osteogenic/

38
Q

➢ unspecialized cells derived from mesenchyme (tissue from which all
connective tissues are derived)
➢ can undergo mitosis and develop into osteoblasts during time: of stress and
healing
➢ found in the inner portion of periosteum, in the endosteum and in the canals
of the bone that contain blood vessels

A

Osteogenic/Osteoprogenitor Cells

39
Q

➢ “blast” – “sprouts/buds”
➢ Immature bone cells
➢ Bone forming, repairing, bone building cells
➢ Secretes matrix
➢ Cells responsible in bone formation

A

Osteoblasts

40
Q

➢ “cytes” – maintain the tissue
➢ Mature bone cells derived from osteoblasts that had become entrapped in
matrix
➢ Principal cells of fully developed bone tissue
➢ Have no mitotic potential
➢ No longer secrete matrix material
found on the surfaces of bone but as they surround themselves with matrix materials they become trapped on their own secretion and become osteocytes
Function: maintain daily cellular activities of bone tissue, such as the exchange
of nutrients and wastes with the blood

A

Osteocytes

41
Q

➢ “clasts” – to break
➢ Engulf necrotic cells
➢ Settle on the surfaces of bone
➢ Bone destroying cells- phagocytic function
➢ Prevents bone from breaking too thick

A

Osteoclasts

42
Q

➢ Derived from the osteoblasts that cease their physiologic activity and flatten
out on the bone surface
➢ Found on the surface of most bones in the adult skeleton

A

Bone Lining Cells

43
Q

Two Major Types of Surface Markings

A

Depression and Openings
Processes

44
Q

➢ indentations in the grooves of bone
➢ allow the passage of soft tissues
➢ form joints

A

Depression and Openings / Cavities

45
Q

➢ any prominent projections or outgrowths that form joints
➢ serve as attachments for ligaments and tendons

A

Processes

46
Q

Six Types of Depression and Openings

A

Fissure
Foramen
Meatus
Paranasal Sinuses
Grooves / Sulcus
Fossa

47
Q

➢ an opening thru which blood vessels, nerves or ligaments pass

A

Foramen
➢ e.g. Foramen Magnum, Obturator foramen

48
Q

➢ a narrow cleft-like opening between adjacent parts of bones through which blood
vessels and nerves pass

A

Fissure
➢ e.g. Superior Orbital Fissure

49
Q

➢ a tube like passageway running within a bone

A

Meatus
➢ e.g. External auditory meatus (ear canal)

50
Q

➢ an air-filled cavity within a bone connected to the nasal cavity
➢ purpose: give resonance to the voice

A

Paranasal Sinuses
➢ e.g. Frontal sinus

51
Q

➢ Furrow/depression that accommodates a soft structure such as blood vessels,
nerve or tendon

A

Grooves / Sulcus
➢ e.g. depression on the anterior surface of the humerus

52
Q

➢ a depression in or on a bone

A

Fossa
➢ e.g. olecranon fossa; acetabulum

53
Q

Three Types of Processes

A

Condyle
Head
Facet

54
Q

Seven Types of Processes to which Tendons, Ligaments, and other Connective Tissue Attached

A

Tubercle
Tuberosity
Trochanter
Crest
Line
Spinous Process
Epicondyle

55
Q

➢ small rounded process/ projection

A

Tubercle
➢ e.g. Upper end of the humerus, articular tubercle

56
Q

➢ a large, usually rounded projection

A

Tuberosity
➢ e.g. tibial and radial tuberosity, sacral tuberosity

57
Q

➢ a large, blunt projection found only on the femur

A

Trochanter
➢ e.g. greater and lesser trochanter of the femur

58
Q

➢ a prominent border or ridge

A

Crest
➢ e.g. iliac crest

59
Q

➢ a less prominent ridge than a crest

A

Line
➢ e.g. linea aspera -posterior femur

60
Q

➢ sharp, slender process

A

Spinous Process
➢ e.g. spines of the vertebrae

61
Q

➢ a prominence above a condyle

A

Epicondyle
➢ e.g. lateral and medial Epicondyle of humerus and femur

62
Q
  • a smooth, large rounded, articular projection
A

Condyle

63
Q
  • a smooth, large rounded, articular projection
A

Condyle

64
Q
  • a rounded articular projection supported on the constricted portion (neck) of a bone
A

Head

65
Q
  • a smooth, flat surface
A

Facet

Skeletal System (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions