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COM1005 - Machines and Intelligence > Lesson 2 - The Turing Test and Searle's Chinese Room > Flashcards

Lesson 2 - The Turing Test and Searle's Chinese Room Flashcards

Covers the Tuing Test, Searle's Chinese Room Argument and rebuttals

1
Q

When did Turing propose his test?

A

1950

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2
Q

How many electronic computers were in existence at the time Turing proposed his Turing Test?

A

4

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3
Q

when was the Dartmouth Conference?

A

1956

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4
Q

In which paper did Turing propose his Imitation Game?

A

Computing Machinery and Intelligence (1950)

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5
Q

in his 1950 paper Computing Machinery and Intelligence, what question was Turing attempting to rephrase?

A

Can machines think?

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6
Q

Who are the players in the imitation game?

A

A - a man, B - a woman, C - an interrogator of any gender

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7
Q

alternative to having typed communication in the Imitation Game?

A

an intermediary

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8
Q

which player would the machine take the role of?

A

player A (the deceptor)

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9
Q

what is the specific question that replaces the old “Can machines think?”

A

will the interrogator decide wrongly as often when the game is played with a machine than as when he does when the game is played between a man and a woman?

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10
Q

how does Turing regard the question “Can machines think?”

A

meaningless to discuss due to the ambiguity of the question

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11
Q

What did Turing believe would happen in 50 years time?

A

it’ll be impossible for interrogators to make the correct distinction more than 70% of the time

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12
Q

what is the computing capacity Turing predicts for the 2000s?

A

10^9

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13
Q

what is Eugene Goostman

A

chatbot developed in St Petersburg by 3 Russian/Ukranian programmers to simulate a 13 year old Ukranian boy with EFL

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14
Q

significance of the age of Eugene Goostman

A

not too old to know eveything but not too young to know nothing

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15
Q

what happened with Goostman on the 60th anniversary of Turing’s death

A

claimed to have passed the Turing Test

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16
Q

how many judges did Eugene fool after a 5 minute conversation?

A

10 out of 30

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17
Q

what was important about the Loebner Competition

A

no computer had ever won the top prize for outright fooling the judges

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18
Q

according to Daniel Bennett what was/wasn’t the Turing Test intended as?

A

WAS - a conversation stopper/a thought experiment
WASN’T - a platform for serious scientific research

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19
Q

name of the 2023 study that used the online game to simulate the Imitiation Game

A

Human or Not? A Gamified Approach To The Turing Test

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20
Q

how many participants in the first month of the May 2023 study

A

1.5 million

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21
Q

how many guesses in the first month of the May 2023 study

A

10 million

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22
Q

probability of a correct guess overall in the game for the May 2023 study

A

68%

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23
Q

probability of a correct guess for the bot in the game for the May 2023 study

A

60%

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24
Q

4 main objections to Turing’s Test

A

Theological , ‘Head in the Sand’, Argument from Conciousness, Lady Lovelace

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25
Q

total # of objections that Turing had prepared in Computing Machinery and Intelligence

A

9

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26
Q

Theological objection

A

thinking is a function of a man’s immortal soul. God has given an immortal soul to every man and women but not to any other animal or to machines. Hence no animal or machine can think

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27
Q

Turing’s dismissal of the theological objection of the Imitation Game

A

it is entirely up to God whether or not a particular body is imbued with a thinking soul (perhaps He is waiting for an intelligent enough machine to give a soul to)

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28
Q

The Head in the Sand Objection

A

the consequences of machines thinking would be too dreadful. Let us hope and believe that they cannot do so

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29
Q

Turing’s dismissal of the Head in the Sand Objection

A

the argument is insufficiently substantial. humans tend to believe they are superior to the rest of the creation

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30
Q

The Argument from Consciousness is cited from who/where?

A

Professor Goeffrey Jefferson’s Lister Oration for 1949

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31
Q

The Argument from Consciousness

A

it’s not until a machine can carry out actions based on its emotions (pleasure, grief, anger) not mere artificial signalling that we can conclude “machine equals brain”

32
Q

Turing’s dismissal of the Argument from Consciousness

A

how can we tell that a machine that passes the Turing Test is not conscious? this risks falling into a solipsistic mode of thinking

33
Q

solipsism

A

the philosophy that only one’s own mind can be known to exist

34
Q

Lady Lovelace’s objection

A

“The Analytical Engine has no pretensions to originate anything. It can do whatever we know how to order it to perform”

35
Q

where does the most detailed information of Babbage’s Analytical Engine come from?

A

a 1842 memoir by Lady Lovelace

36
Q

variants of Lady Lovelace’s Objection

A

a machine can never do anything really new nor take us by surprise

37
Q

Turing’s dismissal of Lady Lovelace’s Objection (humans)

A

all creative acts can be seen as following from “seeds” planted from teaching - humans can never really do anything new either

38
Q

Turing’s dismissal of Lady Lovelace’s Objection (computers)

A

computers can surprise their programmers by producing answers that were not expected

39
Q

how many objections to the Turing Test did Copeland have?

A

4

40
Q

names of Copeland’s 4 objections to the Turing Test

A

the Chimpanzee Objection, the Sense Organs objection, the simulation objection and the black box objection

41
Q

What sets Copeland’s first objection apart from the other 3?

A

a negative outcome to the test would show nothing definite.

42
Q

The chimpanzee objection

A

if thinking animals can fail the Turing Test, then presumably, a thinking machine can too

43
Q

what does the chimpanzee objection imply about the relationship between the question “Can machines think?” and the Turing Test

A

the Test cannot completely replace that question

44
Q

Using terms of propositional logic, explain what the chimpanzee objection implies about the relationship between the question “Can machines think?” and the Turing Test

A

the Turing Test is not a necessary condition for thinking but might still be a sufficient one

45
Q

the sense organs objection

A

the Test only focuses on the computer’s ability to use words, not of its ability to relate words to things in the world

46
Q

the sense organs objection implies that the Test is too…

A

weak

47
Q

how does the sense organs objection suggest that the Test can be improved?

A

give the machine sense organs such as a television eye

48
Q

Turing himself felt that the best way for a computer to be prepped for the Test is for it to do what?

A

have the best sense organs that money can buy and then subject it to an appropriate course of education

49
Q

the sense organ objection question whether verbal quizzing …

A

is an adequate test of comprehension

50
Q

The Analytical engine was Turing Complete - true or false?

A

True

51
Q

the simulation objection

A

a computer that passes the Turing test has shown a good simulation of being a thinking entity but it is not the same as BEING a thinking entity

52
Q

simulation-1 type

A

the simulated object lack the essential features of the thing it is simulating (e.g. death, leather)

53
Q

simulation-2 type

A

the simulated objection is just like what is being simulated but produced in a different way (coal, voice)

54
Q

the black box objection

A

the intelligence of the machine is only concluding based on its output and not its inner workings

55
Q

why does Copeland refutes Turing’s belief that we treat fellow humans as a black box?

A

our judgement is based on the fact of our biological similarity, not just an observation of their behaviour

56
Q

the two modifications Copeland would suggest for a machine to pass the Turing Test

A

outward and design criteria

57
Q

what would be the proposed outward criterion for the Turing Test

A

it passes the interrogation test

58
Q

what would be the proposed design criterion for the Turing Test

A

it passes a test to ensure the output is not just based on a giant lookup table or a pattern matching chatbot

59
Q

in what 2 ways could the deisgn criterion be met

A

if the machine works like a human. if the design is modular enough to extend to a robot with motor/sensory systems

60
Q

what is the key feature of creatures we are willing to deduce as “thinking”

A

their action-directing inner processes are massively adaptable

61
Q

intentional language

A

explaining/predicting an objects behaviour in terms of what it thinks/believes/wants

62
Q

have LLMs been doing well on reasoning tests

A

no

63
Q

who created the Abstration and Reasoning Corpus

A

Francois Chollet

64
Q

what is the Abstraction and Reasoning Corpus

A

a new kind of logic test for AI systems

65
Q

what is the main type of challenge proposed in the Abstraction and Reasoning Corpus

A

detect patterns in visual examples and apply them to new examples

66
Q

most researchers agree that the best way to test LLMs for abstract reasoning abilities and other signs of intelligence….

A

remains and open, unsolved problem

67
Q

other than reasoning, what other traits might we want to assess in AI

A

empathy, moral decision-making

68
Q

what thought experiment does Searle use to determine that the Strong AI Hypothesis cannot be true

A

Searle’s Chinese Room Argument

69
Q

True or False: Searle claims the question (whether computers can think) is an empirical question?

A

FALSE

70
Q

what is an empirical question

A

one that can be settled by experiementation

71
Q

True or False: Searle claims his Chinese Room argument better settles the question than the Turing Test

A

True

72
Q

no amount of syntactic manipulation…

A

can lead to semantics

73
Q

what are arguments A and B for Searle’s Chinese Room

A

A: the man doesn’t know Chinese
B: the room doesn’t know Chinese

74
Q

a priori

A

knowledge independent of experience

75
Q

True or False: Searle’s Chinese Room Argument is ignored by the AI community

A

True

COM1005 - Machines and Intelligence (4 decks)

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