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GEd 102 (UTS) > Lesson 2: The Self According to Philosophy > Flashcards

Lesson 2: The Self According to Philosophy Flashcards

1
Q

It is defined as the study of knowledge or wisdom from its Latin roots, philo (love) and sophia (wisdom).

A

Philosophy

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2
Q

In Latin, this means love.

A

philo

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3
Q

In Latin, this means wisdowm.

A

sophia

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4
Q

This field is also considered as “The Queen of All Sciences” because every scientific discipline has philosophical foundations.

A

Philosophy

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5
Q

They were the ones who seriously questioned myths and moved away from them in attempting to understand reality by exercising the art of questioning that satisfies their curiosity, including the questions about self.

A

Greek philosophers

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6
Q

A philosopher from Athens, Greece and said to have the greatest influence on European thought.

A

Socrates

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7
Q

He is known from the writings of his student Plato who became one of the greatest philosophers of his time.

A

Socrates

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8
Q

Who was Socrates’ student who became one of the greatest philosophers of his time?

A

Plato

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9
Q

This was Socrates’ unique style of asking questions.

A

Socratic Method

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10
Q

It involves the search for the correct/proper definition of a thing.

A

Socratic Method or dialectic method

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11
Q

What was the foundation of Socrates’ philosophy?

A

Delphic
Oracle’s command to “Know Thyself”

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12
Q

According to Socrates, the self is dichotomous which is composed of two things, what are those?

A

physical realm and ideal realm

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13
Q

It is consisting of anything we sense – see, smell, feel, hear, and taste. It is always changing and deteriorating. It is also the best example of the physical realm.

A

physical world

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14
Q

It is the one that is imperfect and unchanging, eternal, and immortal.

A

ideal realm

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15
Q

This includes the intellectual essences of the universe like the concept of beauty, truth, and goodness.

A

ideal realm

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16
Q

A human is composed of body and soul, the first belongs to the physical realm because it changed, it is imperfect, and it dies, and the latter belongs to ideal realm for it survives the death.

A

Socrates

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17
Q

This is the immortal and unified entity that is consistent over time.

A

Socrates’ definition of self

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18
Q

A student of Socrates, who introduced the idea of a three-part soul/self that is composed of reason, physical appetite and spirit or passion.

A

Plato

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19
Q

This enables human to think deeply, make wise choices and achieve a true understanding of eternal truths.

A

reason

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20
Q

It is the basic biological needs of human being such as hunger, thirst, and sexual desire.

A

physical appetite

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21
Q

It is the basic emotions of human being such as love, anger, ambition, aggressiveness and empathy.

A

spirit or passion

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22
Q

Plato also calls this as divine essence.

A

reason

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23
Q

According to Plato, it is always the responsibility of the __________ to organize, control, and reestablish harmonious
relationship between these three elements.

A

reason

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24
Q

“The soul is like a winged chariot drawn by two powerful horses: a white horse, representing Spirit, and a black horse, embodying appetite.” The charioteer is reason, whose task is to guide the chariot to the eternal realm by controlling the two independent-minded horses.

A

Plato’s view of the soul/self in “Phaedrus”

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25
Q

He is considered as the last of the great ancient philosophers whose ideas were greatly Platonic.

A

St. Augustine

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26
Q

He has been characterized as Christianity’s first theologian.

A

St. Augustine

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27
Q

Like Plato, he believed that the physical body is different from the immortal soul.

A

St. Augustine

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28
Q

St. Augustine described the body as a _____ or _____ of the soul and said that the body is a _____ of the soul. Later on he came to view the body as _____ of the soul, with both attached to one another by a _____.

A

snare, cage, slave, spouse, natural appetite

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29
Q

“The soul makes war with the body.”

A

St. Augustine

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30
Q

“That the body is united with the soul, so that man may be entire and complete, is a fact we recognize on the evidence of our own nature.”

A

St. Augustine

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31
Q

According to St. Augustine, the human nature is composed of two realms.

A
  1. God as the source of all reality and truth
  2. The sinfulness of man
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32
Q

He is the one eternal truth.

A

God

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33
Q

Through mystical experience, man is capable of knowing eternal truths. This is made possible through the existence of the one eternal truth which is God. He further added that without God as the source of all truth, man could never understand eternal truth. This relationship with God means that those who know most about God will come closest to understanding the true nature of the world.

A

God as the source of all reality and truth

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34
Q

According to St. Augustine, what is the cause of sin or evil?

A

an act of man’s freewill

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35
Q

The cause of sin or evil is an act of mans’ freewill. Moral goodness can only be achieved through the grace of God.

A

The sinfulness of man

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36
Q

He stated that real happiness can only be found in God. For God is love and he created humans for them to also love.

A

St. Augustine

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37
Q

This results when man loves the wrong things which he believes will give him happiness.

A

disordered love

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38
Q

A French philosopher, mathematician, and considered the founder of modern philosophy.

A

Rene Descartes

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39
Q

His famous principle is the “cogito, ergo sum.” or “I think, therefore I exist.”

A

Rene Descartes

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40
Q

He established his philosophical views on “true knowledge” and concept of self.

A

Rene Descartes

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41
Q

He explained that in order to gain true knowledge, one must doubt everything even own existence.

A

Rene Descartes

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42
Q

It makes someone aware that they are a thinking being; thus, they exist.

A

Doubting

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43
Q

The essence of self is being a thinking thing.

A

Rene Descartes

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44
Q

It is a dynamic entity that engages in metal operations – thinking, reasoning, and perceiving processes.

A

Rene Descartes’ definition of self

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45
Q

It is dependent on the awareness in engaging with those mental operations.

A

Self-identity

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46
Q

He declared that the essential self or the self as the thinking entity is radically different from the physical body.

A

Rene Descartes

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47
Q

According to Rene Descartes, this is a non-material, immortal, conscious being, independent of the physical laws of the universe.

A

thinking self or soul

48
Q

According to Rene Descartes, this is a material, mortal, non-thinking entity, fully governed by the physical laws of nature.

A

physical body

49
Q

He also maintained that the soul and the body are independent of one another and each can exist and function without the other.

A

Rene Descartes

50
Q

Descartes identified that the physical self is part of _____ and the conscious self (mind, soul) is part of the _____.

A

nature, spiritual realm

51
Q

This is governed by the physical laws of the universe, and available to scientific analysis and experimentation.

A

nature

52
Q

This is independent of the physical laws of the universe, governed only by the laws of reason and God’s will.

A

spiritual realm

53
Q

An English philosopher and physician and famous in his concept of “Tabula Rasa” or Blank Slate that assumes the nurture side of human development.

A

John Locke

54
Q

What concept assumes the nurture side of human development?

A

tabula rasa or blank slate

55
Q

The self, according to him is consciousness.

A

John Locke

56
Q

What is the self, according to John Locke?

A

consciousness

57
Q

What is John Locke’s most famous work?

A

Essay Concerning Human Understanding

58
Q

On which essay did John Locke discuss the reflective analysis of how an individual may experience the self in everyday living?

A

Essay Concerning Human Understanding

59
Q
  1. To discover the nature of personal identity, it is important to find out what it means to be a person.
  2. A person is a thinking, intelligent being who has the abilities to reason and to reflect.
  3. A person is also someone who considers themself to be the same thing in different times and different places.
  4. Consciousness as being aware that we are thinking—always accompanies thinking and is an essential part of the thinking process.
  5. Consciousness makes possible our belief that we are the same identity in different times and different places.
A

Essay Concerning Human Understanding

60
Q

A thinking, intelligent being who has the abilities to reason and to reflect.

A

John Locke’s definition of a person

61
Q

Someone who considers themself to be the same thing in different times and different places.

A

John Locke’s definition of a person

62
Q

This refers to being aware that we are thinking—always accompanies thinking and is an essential part of the thinking process.

A

consciousness

63
Q

It makes possible our belief that we are the same identity in different times and different places.

A

consciousness

64
Q

The bottom line of his theory on self is that self is not tied to any particular body or substance. It only exists in other times and places because of the memory of those experiences.

A

John Locke

65
Q

He was a Scottish philosopher and also an empiricist.

A

David Hume

66
Q

His claim about self is quite controversial because he assumed that there is no self! In his essay entitled, “On Personal Identity” (1739) he said that, if we carefully examine the contents of [our] experience, we find that there are only two distinct entities, “impressions” and “ideas”.

A

David Hume

67
Q

On which essay did Hume say that “if we carefully examine the contents of [our] experience, we find that there are only two distinct entities, ‘impressions’ and ‘ideas’.”

A

On Personal Identity (1739)

68
Q

They are the basic sensations of our experience, the elemental data of our minds: pain, pleasure, heat, cold, happiness, grief, fear, exhilaration, and so on.

A

impressions

69
Q

They are copies of impressions that include thoughts and images that are built up from our primary impressions through a variety of relationships, but because they are derivative copies of impressions, they are once removed from reality.

A

ideas

70
Q

He considered that the self does not exist because all of the experiences that a person may have are just perceptions and this includes the perception of self. None of these perceptions resemble a unified and permanent self-identity that exists over time.

A

David Hume

71
Q

It is created to unify the mental events and introduce order into an individual lives, but this “self” has no real existence.

A

fictional self

72
Q

According to Hume, the self that is being experienced by an individual is nothing but a kind of __________.

A

fictional self

73
Q

A well-known Australian psychologist and considered as the Father and Founder of Psychoanalysis. His influence in Psychology and therapy is dominant and popular in the 20th to 21st century.

A

Sigmund Freud

74
Q

The dualistic view of self by Freud involves the _____ and _____.

A

conscious self, unconscious self

75
Q

It is governed by reality principle. Here, the self is rational, practical, and appropriate to the social environment.

A

conscious self

76
Q

It has the task of controlling the constant pressures of the unconscious self, as its primitive impulses continually seek for immediate discharge.

A

conscious self

77
Q

It is governed by pleasure principle. It is the self that is aggressive, destructive, unrealistic and instinctual.

A

unconscious self

78
Q

Freud proposed how the mind works by illustrating the tip of the iceberg which according to him represents conscious awareness which characterizes the person in dealing with the external world.

A

provinces or structures of the mind

79
Q

It serves as the repository of past experiences, repressed memories, fantasies, and urges.

A

subconscious

79
Q

It is further controlled by the workings of the subconscious/unconscious mind.

A

observable behavior

80
Q

This is primarily based on the pleasure principle. It demands immediate satisfaction and is not hindered by societal expectations.

A

id

81
Q

The structure that is primarily based on the reality principle. This mediates between the impulses of the id and restraints of the superego.

A

ego

82
Q

This is primarily dependent on learning the difference between right and wrong, thus it is called moral principle. Morality of actions is largely dependent on childhood upbringing particularly on rewards and punishments.

A

superego

83
Q

According to Freud, there are two kinds of instinct that drive individual behavior.

A

the eros or the life instinct and the thanatos of the death instinct

84
Q

This is the energy of eros and it includes urges necessary for individual and species survival like thirst, hunger, and sex.

A

libido

85
Q

In cases that human behavior is directed towards destruction in the form of aggression and violence, such are the manifestations of _____.

A

thanatos

86
Q

A British analytical philosopher. He was an important figure in the field of Linguistic Analysis which focused on the solving of philosophical puzzles through an analysis of language.

A

Gilbert Ryle

87
Q

This field focuses on the solving of philosophical puzzles through an analysis of language.

A

Linguistic Analytics

88
Q

The self is best understood as a pattern of behavior, the tendency or disposition for a person to behave in a certain way in certain circumstances.

A

Gilbert Ryle

89
Q

He opposed the notable ideas of the previous philosophers and even claimed that those were results of confused conceptual thinking he termed, category mistake.

A

Gilbert Ryle

90
Q

This happens when we speak about the self as something independent of the physical body: a purely mental entity existing in time but not space

A

categorical mistake

91
Q

A German Philosopher who made great contribution to the fields of metaphysics, epistemology, and ethics.

A

Immanuel Kant

92
Q

He is widely regarded as the greatest philosopher of the modern period.

A

Immanuel Kant

93
Q

He maintained that an individual self makes the experience of the world comprehensible because it is responsible for synthesizing the discreet data of sense experience into a meaningful whole.

A

Immanuel Kant

94
Q

It is the product of reason, a regulative principle because it regulates experience by making unified experience possible.

A

Immanuel Kant’s definition of self

95
Q

This is not the object of consciousness, but it makes the consciousness understandable and unique.

A

Immanuel Kant’s definition of self

96
Q

This happens when people do not experience self directly, instead as a unity of all impressions that are organized by the mind through perceptions.

A

Transcendental apperception

97
Q

He concluded that all objects of knowledge, which includes the self, are phenomenal.

A

Immanuel Kant

98
Q

He emphasized that people should always see duty as a divine command.

A

Immanuel Kant

99
Q

For Kant, the kingdom of God is within _____.

A

man

100
Q

They are American philosophers interested in the fields of philosophy of mind, philosophy of science, cognitive neurobiology, epistemology, and perception.

A

Paul and Patricia Churchland

101
Q

Their central argument is that the concepts and theoretical vocabulary that people use to think about the selves—using such terms as belief, desire, fear, sensation, pain, joy—actually misrepresent the reality of minds and selves.

A

Paul and Patricia Churchland

102
Q

He claims that the self is a product of brain activity.

A

Paul Churchland

103
Q

This is where the behavior of the self can be attributed to.

A

neuropharmacological states

104
Q

This is the neural activity in specialized anatomical areas.

A

neuropharmacological states

105
Q

This term was coined by Patricia Churchland, the modern scientific inquiry looks into the application of neurology to age-old problems in philosophy.

A

Neurophilosophy

106
Q

This is the study of the philosophy of science, neuroscience, and psychology. It aims to explore the relevance of neurolinguistic experiments/studies to the philosophy of the mind.

A

Philosophy of Neuroscience

107
Q

She claimed that man’s brain is responsible for the identity known as self. The biochemical properties of the brain according to this philosophy of neuroscience is really responsible for man’s thoughts, feelings, and behavior.

A

Patricia Churchland

108
Q

He is one of the many philosophers and psychologists that viewed the self from a materialistic point of view, contending that in the final analysis mental states are identical with, reducible to, or explainable in terms of physical brain states.

A

Paul Churchland

109
Q

A French philosopher and phenomenologist.

A

Maurice Merleau-Ponty

110
Q

He took a very different approach to the self and the mind/body “problem.” According to him, the division between the “mind” and the “body” is a product of confused thinking.

A

Maurice Merleau-Ponty

111
Q

This is experienced as a unity in which the mental and physical are seamlessly woven together. This unity is the primary experience of selves and begin to doubt it when an individual use their minds to concoct abstract notions of a separate mind and body.

A

Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s definition of self

112
Q

Developed the concept of self-subject and contended that perceptions occur existentially. Thus, the consciousness, the world, and the human body are all interconnected as they mutually perceive the world.

A

Maurice Merleau-Ponty

113
Q

This provides a direct description of the human experience which serves to guide man’s conscious actions.

A

Phenomenology

114
Q

He further added that, the world is a field of perception, and human consciousness assigns meaning to the world. Thus man cannot separate himself from his perceptions of the world.

A

Maurice Merleau-Ponty

115
Q

It is not purely the result of sensations nor it is purely interpretations.

A

perception

116
Q

This is a process that includes sensing as well as interpreting/reasoning.

A

consciousness

GEd 102 (UTS) (3 decks)

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