Lesson 2: The positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia Flashcards
What are positive symptoms?
Refers to excesses or symptoms that have been added ➕ to patient’s personality because of illness- symptoms ✖️ present when person was healthy
What are negative symptoms?
Refers to reduction or loss of normal functioning- person will have a weakened ability to cope and manage everyday life- person loses ability to do certain things because of illness
State the positive ➕ symptoms of schizophrenia
- Hallucinations
- Delusions
- Disorganised speech
- Disorganised 🏃♂️
State the type of hallucinations a person with schizophrenia could face
1) Auditory 👂 hallucinations
2) Visual 👀 hallucinations
3) Olfactory 👃 hallucinations
4) Tactile ✋ hallucinations
State the type of delusions a person with schizophrenia could face
1) Delusions of grandeur
2) Delusions of persecution
3) Delusions of reference
State the type of disorganised speech a person with schizophrenia could face
1) Derailment
2) Neologisms
3) Word salad
State the type of disorganised 🏃♂️ a person with schizophrenia could face
1) Catatonia
2) General disorganised 🏃♂️
State the type of Anhedonia a person with schizophrenia could face
1) General Anhedonia
2) Physical Anhedonia
3) Social Anhedonia
What are auditory hallucinations?
Patient will hear 👂 voices that ✖️ exist BUT feel very real to patient)
Voices usually loud and heard in both 👂(or maybe one)
Voice might sound like patient’s own inner voice BUT sometimes can be one they ✖️ recognise
Sometimes ⬆️ than 1 voice can be heard and voices may be mixture of 👨 and 👩 voices
Voices usually give running commentary on what patient is doing
Mostly voices say ➖ comments (rather than ➕ ones)
Patients might respond to voices (and that is why they might be seen talking to themselves)
What are visual hallucinations?
Patient might 👀 things that ✖️ exist such as shapes, images, objects
Disturbing vivid images e.g. bugs crawling on their skin
What are Olfactory hallucinations?
Patient might 👃 odours that ✖️ exist e.g. smelling gas, burning or perfume
What are tactile hallucinations?
Patient might believe they can feel things that are not really present e.g. someone touching them or might feel intense heat (burning 🔥 )
What are delusions of grandeur?
Patient might believe they are someone important/powerful e.g. God- might believe they have special powers (can walk on water or fly)-> causing great harm to themselves
What are delusions of persecution?
Patient believes everyone conspiring against them and that everyone dislikes them- very ➖ attitude towards most people because of this issue
What are delusions of reference?
Patient believes objects, events and songs have personal significance- refers directly to them- may become emotionally attached to objects (e.g. a vase) and might name the object and talk to it
What is derailment?
Due to abnormal 💭 processes, individual has problems organising his/her 💭 which means that when talking, the patients changes from 1 topic to another and makes little sense
What are Neologisms?
Patient might make up words that ✖️ exist and puts these made up words into sentences
What is a word salad?
Patient might string random words together in order to try to make a sentence and their speech pattern is very disorganised
What is catatonia?
Patient has ⬇️ reaction to environmental stimuli and in some cases might adopt rigid postures or aimless psychomotor activity e.g. rocking movements 🪑
What is general disorganised behaviour?
Patients might have an inability/lack of motivation to initiate a task or complete it- dress 👗 /act in bizarre ways which seems strange and disorganised, e.g. wearing a thick heavy jumper in the middle of summer ☀️
What is deficit syndrome?
When patient has experienced 2 negative symptoms for the last 12 months or longer- cognitive deficits which are ✖️ likely to be alleviated by drug 💊 treatment
What is speech poverty?
Speech is lessened in terms of fluency and productivity as patients thinking is slow 🐌 and 💭 might be blocked- patient might reply to questions with brief replies and minimal elaboration- fewer words tend to be produced in a given amount of ⏰ when completing a task, e.g. naming as many animals as possible in 1 minute- patients cannot spontaneously produce a long list of words
What is Avolition/apathy?
Patient has ⬇️ interest/desire/inability to initiate/persist in goal directed 🏃♂️ that is available to them- happy to sit and do nothing even though they have the opportunity to talk to other people around them and interact- occurs mainly when the patient has poor hygiene/grooming 🧔, lack of persistence in work/education 📚/lack of energy
What is affective flattening?
Patient has restricted ability to respond to emotional 😭 stimuli- patient has ⬇️ in range and intensity of emotional 😭 expressions e.g. facial expression, tone of voice, 👁 contact and body language- behave inappropriately in social situations e.g. laugh 😆 when they are told bad news, or 😢 when everyone is 😆 at a joke
What is general Anhedonia?
General lack of interest in almost all activities and a lack of interest in pleasurable stimuli
What is physical Anhedonia?
Inability to experience any physical pleasure for instance from eating, body contact, sex, touch etc
What is social Anhedonia?
Inability to experience pleasure from interacting with others in different situations- patient might withdraw and refuse to interact with others
State the negative ➖ symptoms of schizophrenia
- Deficit syndrome
- Speech poverty
- Avolition/apathy- no motivation and lack of energy
- Affective flattening
- Anhedonia
