Lesson 2 - The Cerebral Cortex

Question 1

Define Caudal

Answer 1

at or near the tail or the posterior part of the body

Question 2

What is a cluster of neuron cell bodies in the CNS called?

Answer 2

A nucleus e.g. caudate nucleus

Question 3

What is the name of a cluster of neuron cell bodies predominantly found in the PNS

Answer 3

A ganglion e.g. dorsal root ganglion

Question 4

Exception: The ———- ——– are located in the brain stem, thalamus, and cerebral cortex areas of the brain. Being in the brain, they are part of the central nervous system, not the peripheral nervous system, as other ganglia are. This group of structures is important in regulating voluntary movements.

Answer 4

basal ganglia

Question 5

What is the name of a bundle of axons connecting nuclei of the CNS. Known as a nerve fascicle in the PNS

Answer 5

tracts

Question 6

What is the largest part of the brain (83% of its mass)?

Answer 6

the cerebrum

Question 7

What is the function of the cerebrum?

Answer 7

Controls higher mental functions including all conscious thoughts and experience including all intellectual functions

Processes somatic and motor information

Question 8

The cerebrum is divided into left and right cerebral —————s

Answer 8

hemispheres

Question 9

The cerebral hemisphere develops from the embryological ————

Answer 9

telencephalon

Question 10

The cerebral hemisphere consists of a layer of grey matter (the
———– ———) which is highly folded forming many ridges (——–) and furrows (——).

Answer 10

cerebral cortex
gyri
sulci

Question 11

Beneath the surface of the cerebral hemisphere, axons running to and from cells of the cortex form the ——– ———

Answer 11

white matter

Question 12

The 2 cerebral hemispheres are separated by a deep cleft called the ———— ———, which accommodates the ——– ———

Answer 12

longitudinal fissure
falx cerebri

Question 13

The 2 cerebral hemispheres are united by the ——- ——— i.e. a sheet of commissural nerve fibres which run between the corresponding areas of the 2 cortices

Answer 13

corpus callosum

Question 14

Are the cerebral hemispheres identical?

Answer 14

no

Left/right asymmetries appear in fetal development and persist into childhood and adulthood.

Such asymmmetries may lead to hand preference and cerebral dominance for language.

Question 15

Name 4 major sulci

Answer 15

1. Central sulcus 2. Lateral sulcus 3. Parieto-occipital sulcus 4. Intraparietal sulcus

Question 16

Name 3 major gryi

Answer 16

1. Precentral gyrus 2. Postcentral gyrus 3. Superior temporal gyrus

Question 17

What is the name of this gyrus?

“in frontal lobe, in front of central sulcus, primary motor region of cerebral cortex, anterior to this lie premotor and supplemental motor cortices and, in the left hemisphere”

Answer 17

precentral

Question 18

What is the name of this gyrus?

“in frontal lobe, in front of central sulcus, primary motor region of cerebral cortex, anterior to this lie premotor and supplemental motor cortices and, in the left hemisphere”

Answer 18

postcentral gyrus

Question 19

What is the name of this gyrus?

“Includes primary auditory cortex”

Answer 19

superior temporal gyrus

Question 20

The grey matter found in the outer layer of the brain is called the
———- ———–

Answer 20

cerebral cortex

Question 21

the ————— ———– forms the outer surface of the cerebral hemisphere

Answer 21

cerebral cortex

Question 22

The cerebral cortex consists of a layer, several mm in thickness of nerve cell bodies, dendritic ———-s and ——– interconnections

Answer 22

arborization, synaptic

Question 23

90% of the cerebral cortex is made up of ———-. The remaining 10% is ———-.

Answer 23

neocortex
allocortex

Question 24

How many layers does the neocortex consist of?

Answer 24

6

Question 25

Name the layer out of the 6 layers of the neocortex "most superficial layer contains few nerve cell bodies but many dendritic and axonal processes in synaptic interaction."

Answer 25

Molecular layer

Question 26

Name the layer out of the 6 layers of the neocortex "Contains many small neurones which establish intracortical connections."

Answer 26

Outer Granule cell layer

Question 27

Name the layer out of the 6 layers of the neocortex "contains medium sized neurones giving rise to association and commissural fibres."

Answer 27

Outer pyramidal cell layer

Question 28

Name the layer out of the 6 layers of the neocortex

Answer 28

1. Molecular layer 2. Outer granule cell layer 3. Outer pyramidal cell layer 4. Inner granule cell layer 5. Inner pyramidal cell layer 6. Multiform layer

Question 29

Name the layer out of the 6 layers of the neocortex "site of termination of afferent fibres from the specific thalamic nuclei. inner granule cell layer"

Answer 29

Inner granule cell layer

Question 30

Name the layer out of the 6 layers of the neocortex "origin of projection fibers to extra cortical targets such as basal ganglia, brainstem and spinal cords in the primary motor cortex of the frontal lobe. This layer contains the cells which project fibers into the pyramidal tract."

Answer 30

Inner pyramidal cell layer

Question 31

Name the layer out of the 6 layers of the neocortex "contains association and projection neurons."

Answer 31

Multiform layer

Question 32

Where is white matter found?

Answer 32

found deep to cerebral cortex and surrounds the basal nuclei

Question 33

The majority of those nerve fibres that pass between the cerebral cortex and subcortical structures are condensed into a broad sheet called the ----------- --------.

Answer 33

internal capsule

Question 34

Fibres radiate between the internal capsule and the cortical surface in a fan-like pattern forming the ---------- -------.

Answer 34

corona radiata

Question 35

Deep within the white matter lie a number of nuclear masses collectively called the basal nuclei/corpus striatum– ---------------------, -----------------------, --------------- ---------------------- .

Answer 35

caudate, putamen, globus pallidus.

Question 36

Name the type of fibre that connect cortices of the cerebral hemisphere. The largest bundle forms the corpus callosum.

Answer 36

commissural fibres

Question 37

Name the type of fibre that connect regions of the cerebral cortex within one hemisphere

Answer 37

association fibres

Question 38

short association fibres (arcuate) connect ------------ gryi

Answer 38

adjacent

Question 39

long association fibres (longitudinal) connect -------- gyri (different lobes)

Answer 39

distant

Question 40

What is the name of the type of fibre that leave the cerebral white matter? form the internal capsule

Answer 40

projection fibres

Question 41

Name the 2 categories of projection fibres

Answer 41

1. Corticofugal (terminate in the basal nuclei, brainstem, or spinal cord) 2. Corticopedal (typically originate in thalamus and terminate in cerebral cortex)

Question 42

Cerebral Cortex Lobe function Frontal Lobe?

Answer 42

initiation and control of voluntary movement as well as expressive language function. Higher function of mood, personality, judgement, motivation and executive functions

Question 43

Cerebral lobe function Parietal lobe?

Answer 43

Perception and discrimination of somatic sensory stimuli. Also involved in integrating visual and somatic sensory information.

Question 44

Cerebral lobe function Temporal lobe?

Answer 44

auditory perception and discrimination and receptive language function. Olfaction as well as learning and memory function in the medial region (those areas of allocortex)

Question 45

Cerebral lobe function Occipital lobe?

Answer 45

- Visual perception and recognition - Insular - buried in the lateral sulcus. It receives taste afferent information. It is associated with somatic sensory and limbic function and influences autonomic (visceral) functions

Question 46

Clinical perspectives of injuries to the frontal lobe?

Answer 46

Lesions involving the frontal lobe produce motor and autonomic disturbances and alterations in character and behaviour. Certain types of pain are no longer perceivable

Question 47

Clinical perspectives of injuries to the temporal lobe?

Answer 47

produce disturbances in hearing, memory and in emotional behavior.

Question 48

Clinical perspectives of injuries to the parietal lobe?

Answer 48

produce a disturbance or loss of function in perception of shape size and texture (agnosia) and are associated with difficulties in writing and talking (sensory aphasia) and memory

Question 49

Clinical perspectives of injuries to the occipital lobe?

Answer 49

Destruction of the cortical visual areas of the occipital lobe produces blindness

Question 50

Name the 3 types of functional areas of the cerebral cortex

Answer 50

1. Motor areas (control voluntary movement) 2. Sensory areas (conscious awareness of sensation) 3. Association areas (integrate diverse information)

Question 51

Name 2 motor areas of the cerebral cortex

Answer 51

- Precentral gyrus of frontal lobe - Primary motor cortex directs voluntary movements

Question 52

Name 2 sensory areas of the cerebral cortex

Answer 52

- Postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe - Primary sensory cortex: receives somatic sensory information (touch, pressure, pain, vibration, taste and temperature)

Question 53

What is an association area?

Answer 53

any brain region that receives input from more than one sensory modality

Question 54

'Integrative areas' or higher level association areas are not involved in ------------ or ---------------- processing

Answer 54

sensory or motor

Question 55

Relative abundance of association areas determines ------------ capacity

Answer 55

intellectual

Question 56

Name 3 association areas

Answer 56

Parietal cortex (attending to stimuli in external and internal environment) Temporal cortex (identifying the nature of the stimuli) Frontal cortex (planning an appropriate response to stimuli)

Question 57

Name the extensive regions of the cortex of the frontal lobe that lie anterior to premotor areas

Answer 57

the prefrontal cortex

Question 58

The prefrontal cortex has rich associations with the 3 other lobes via long ----------- ----------s which run in the subcortical white matter

Answer 58

association fibres

Question 59

The prefrontal cortex has -----------functions of a high order including: intellect, judgement, predictive faculties and planning of behaviour

Answer 59

cognitive

Question 60

What are the functional differences between the left cerebral hemisphere and the right cerebral hemisphere?

Answer 60

Left Cerebral Hemisphere (dominant hemisphere) Controls: Reading, writing, maths, decision making, logic, speech and language (usually) Right Cerebral Hemisphere Relates to: Recognition of faces, voices and inflections, affect, visual/spatial reasoning, emotion, artistic skills

Question 61

What is Broca's Aphasia?

Answer 61

Broca’s aphasia results from damage to a part of the brain called Broca’s area, which is located in the left frontal lobe. It’s one of the parts of the brain responsible for speech and motor movement

Question 62

Causes of Broca's Aphasia

Answer 62

- Stroke - Injury - Brain tumour - Alzheimer’s disease

Question 63

What is Wernike's Aphasia?

Answer 63

Wernicke aphasia is characterized by impaired language comprehension caused by a lesion to the left temporal lobe Despite this impaired comprehension, speech may have a normal rate, rhythm, and grammar.

Question 64

Wernike's Apahasia causes

Answer 64

head trauma tumors infections neurological disorders