Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

[G11] [1ST SEM][MIDTERMS] GENBIO > LESSON 2: THE CELL CYCLE > Flashcards

LESSON 2: THE CELL CYCLE Flashcards

1
Q
  • sequence of growth and division of a cell
  • name we give the process through which cells replicate and 2 new cells
  • has different stages: G1, S, G2, and M
A

cell cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q
  • process that enables cells to change and acquire specific structures and functions
  • importance:
    • development
    • maintenance
    • tissue repair
A

cell modification
- has 3 types:
- differentiation
- specialization
- adaption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q
  • less specialized cell to a more specialized cell
    e.g, embryonic development (stem cell > nerve cell)
    tissue regeneration (cells in tissue like skin can differentiate to replace damaged cells)

stem cell > muscle/fat/bone/blood/nervous/epithelial/immune/sex cell

A

differentiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q
  • cell develops specific structures and functions tailored to perform particular tasks
    e.g, RBC ( O transport due to presence of hemogoblin)
    neurons ( transmits nerve impulses)
A

specialization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q
  • modifications in a cell
  • undergoes in response to environmental changes
    e.g, muscle cells (mitochondria increases, physical activity increases)
A

adaption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

cell modification according to location

A

top: apical
mid: lateral
bot: basal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q
  • found on apical surface of the cell
A

apical modification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q
  • locomotion
  • formed from microtubules
A

cilia & flagella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

move cell / engulf prey

A

pseudopods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q
  • found in intestines (bowel movement)
A

villi & microvilli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q
  • compound secreted by the cell on its apical surface
  • glycoprotein = main ingredient
A

extracellular matrix (ecm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q
  • desmosomes/hemidesmosomes
    • like an anchor on basal surface of the cell
    • connects ecm
A

basal modification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

found on basal surface of the cell

A

lateral modification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

lateral modification:
- prevent leakage of ecf (extracellular fluid)
- regulate movement of water and solutes between epithelial layers

A

tight junction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

lateral modification:
- fasten cells like stapler

A

adhering junction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

communicating junctions
e.g,: plants: xylem, phloem: H2O and nutrients transport
guard cell: regulates gas exchange and H2O loss

animals: bone cells (osteocytes): maintain bone structure
skin cells (keratinocytes): form protective barrier

A

gap junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

implications of cell modification

A

development processes: formation of tissues & organs
diseases & disorders
tissue engineering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q
  • cells grow, organelles double prior to the actual
  • 95% of the cells’ life is spent here
  • has 3 parts
    • Growth 1 (G1)
    • Synthesis (S)
    • Growth 2 (G2)
  • lasts 3-15 hours
A

interphase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

-organelles double
-each cell needs a complete set of organelles

A

g1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

-dna is replicated
-each cell needs a complete and identical set of DNA

A

s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

-proteins needed for mitosis are produced

A

g2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q
  • doubles and separates during mitosis
  • chromatin is packed here
  • dna is tangled to a substance of chromatin
  • structures of tightly packed dna
A

chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q
  • process by which the cell nucleus divides into 2 identical nuclei
  • “identical twins”
  • only lasts 7hrs
  • occurs in steps:
    • prophase
    • metaphase
    • anaphase
    • telophase
    • cytokineses
A

mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q
  • shortest phase, 2 events only
    1. chromosomes line up across middle of the cell
    2. spindle fibers connect
A

metaphase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q
  1. chromosomes condense and are more visible
  2. the nuclear membrane disappears
  3. centrioles have separated and taken positions on the opposite poles of the cell
  4. spindle fibers form and radiate toward cell’s center
A

prophase

23
Q
  • 3 events
    1. centromeres that join sister chromatids split
    2. sister chromatids separate, becoming individual chromosomes
    3. separated chromatids move to opposite poles of the cell
A

anaphase

24
Q
  • last mitosis phase
    1. chromosomes uncoil
    2. a nuclear envelope forms around the chromosomes at each pole of the cell
    3. spindle fibers breakdown and dissolves
    4. cytokinesis begins
A

telophase

25
Q
  • division of cytoplasm to 2 individual cells
A

cytokinesis

26
Q
  • sperm and egg cell combine
  • how humans are formed
  • “extra”
  • makes egg in ovaries and sperm
A

meiosis

27
Q

combination of egg and cell

A

zygote is formed (46 chromosomes)

28
Q

cell with 2 of each kind of chromosomes (1 from each parent)

A

diploid (2n)

29
Q

gametes (either sperm or egg cells)

A

haploid

30
Q

organism-gamete
fruit fly
dog
pea
human

(fdph)
(frst)

A

4
39
7
23

30
Q
  • paired chromosomes w/genes for the same trait arranged in same order
  • may have different alleles
A

homologous chromosomes

31
Q
  • chromosomes replicate
  • each chromosome has 2 identical sister chromatids
A

interphase 1

31
Q
  • exchange of gene material by non-sister chromatids during late prophase 1 of meiosis
  • results of new combination of alleles
A

crossing over

32
Q
  • each pair of homologous chromosomes come together to form a tetrad
A

prophase 1

33
Q
  • homologous chromosome lines up together in pair
A

metaphase 1

34
Q
  • spindle fibers attach to centromeres of each pair
  • homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of cell
A

anaphase 1

35
Q
  • spindle fiber breaks down
  • chromosomes uncoil
  • cytoplasm divides
  • another cell division is needed because number of chromosome hasn’t been reduced
A

telophase 1

36
Q
  • just like mitosis, but remember the chromosomes didn’t duplicate in interphase 2
A

meiosis 2

37
Q
  1. chromosomes line up
  2. spindle fibers begin to form
A

prophase 2

38
Q

chromosomes line up on metaphase plate

A

metaphase 2

39
Q
  1. centromeres split
  2. sister chromatids separate and move to cell’s opposite side
A

anaphase 2

40
Q
  1. nuclei reform
  2. spindle fibers disappear
  3. cytoplasm divides to two
  4. # chromosomes in each daughter cell have been reduced by half
A

telophase 2

41
Q

has 2 types:
- passive transport
- active transport

A

cellular transport

41
Q

amount of solute

A

concentration

42
Q

mixture of 2+ substances

A

solution

43
Q

dissolved substance

A

solute

44
Q

diffusion of water

A

osmosis

45
Q

bacteria and plants - turgor pressure
protists - contractive vacuole
salty water fish - specialized gills
rbc - kidneys

A

osmotic pressure

46
Q
  • movement of larger molecules e.g, glucose, ions, protein channels - transported through: ?
A

facilitated diffusion

47
Q

high concentration of solute

A

hypertonic solution

48
Q

low solute concentration

A

hypotonic solute

49
Q

low > high
balance
high > low

A

hypo (swell = bursts = cytolysis)
iso (dynamic equilibrium)
hyper (shrink = plasmolysis)

50
Q

low to high concentration movement

A

active transport

51
Q

proteins that work as pumps e.g, exhalation

A

active transport

52
Q

types of active transport:
- movement of large materials inside cell
- food moved in
- types: specific/nonspecific
forms: phagocytosis(cell-eating)/pinocytosis(cell-drinking)

A

endocytosis

53
Q

types of active transport:
- movement of material outside the cell
- reverse of endocytosis
- vesicle moves to cell surface
- membrane of vesicle fuses

A

exocytosis

54
Q
  • chemical reaction occurring continuously in living things
  • photosynthesis/food breakdown
  • ends w/ase
  • belongs to proteins

functions:
- catalysts (lower activation energy of reaction taking less energy for reaction to take place

A

enzymes

55
Q

factors affecting enzyme

A
  • temperature
  • pH (7-normal, 2-acid, 8-base)
  • hormones
  • inhibitor

[G11] [1ST SEM][MIDTERMS] GENBIO (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions