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[G11] [1ST SEM][MIDTERMS] GENBIO > LESSON 1: CELL AND ITS FUNCTIONS > Flashcards

LESSON 1: CELL AND ITS FUNCTIONS Flashcards

1
Q

defined as the smallest, basic unit of life responsible for all of life’s processes

A

cell

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2
Q

organisms made of a single cell
- earliest on earth (3.5B yrs. ago)
- lacks defined nucleus

A

prokaryotic cell

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3
Q

bacteria and archaea are examples of?

A

prokaryotic cell

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4
Q

organisms made of 1 or more cells
- has defined nucleus enclosed by a double layer membrane
- has membrane-bound organelles

A

eukaryotic cell

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5
Q

a subcellular structure that has 1 or more specific jobs to perform in the cell

A

organelles

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6
Q

roan madorru

A

robert hooke
anton van leeuwenhoek
matthias schleiden
theodor schwann
rudolf virchow

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7
Q

dates of roan madorru

A

1665
1673
1838
1838
1855

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8
Q

1st, 2nd & 3rd theory about the cell

A
  1. all living things are made up of cells
  2. cell is the fundamental unit of life
  3. cells come from pre-existing cells
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9
Q

4th, 5th 6th & 7th theory about the cell

A
  1. metabolic processes occur within the cell
  2. cells contain hereditary material (nucleus - pro) (nucleoids - eu)
  3. all cells have the same chemical composition
  4. activity of an organism depends on the total activity of individual cells

add: hypertonic - swelling
hypotonic - shrinking

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10
Q

an instrument used to magnify and resolve the fine details of small objects, allowing them to be observed in detail

A

microscope

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11
Q

clogs blood for wound to heal

A

platelets

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11
Q

cell characteristics

A
  1. diverse
  2. small
    - transport
    - control
    - metabolic process
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12
Q

smallest free-living cell

A

mycoplasma genitalium

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13
Q

largest cell in human

A

ovum (eggs) - measures 1000mm

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14
Q

largest cell with metabolism

A

chaos chaos or giant amoeba

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15
Q

smallest cell in human body

A

sperm cells

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16
Q

largest cell

A

ostrich yolk

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17
Q

-1000x bigger
-light passes through lens to magnify image
-can observe living cells

A

compound light microscope

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18
Q

main difference of prokaryotes

A
  • lacks nucleus and other membrane-bound structures
  • small ribosomes
  • dna isn’t organized into chromosomes
  • flagella aren’t made of microtubules and doesn’t have a 9+2 structure
  • cells are made of peptidoglycan, not cellulose
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19
Q

main difference of eukaryotes

A
  • have nucleus and other membrane-bound structures
  • large ribosomes
  • dna is organized into chromosomes
  • flagella are made of microtubules and has 9+2 structure
  • cell is made up of cellulose
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19
Q

cells must have…

A
  • cell membrane
  • nucleus
  • cytoplasm
  • organelles
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19
Q
  • uses a beam of electrons to magnify image (1000x)
  • kills cells being observed
  • needs dead specimen
A

electron microscope

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20
Q

control center of the cell

A

nucleus

20
Q

two types of organelles

A
  • derived from membrane
  • bacteria-like organelles
21
Q

derived from symbiotic bacteria
- releases and stores energy
- endosymbiotic theory
- ancient association

A

bacteria-like organelles

22
Q

releases energy (ATP)

A

mitochondria

23
Q

stores energy

A

chloroplast

24
Q
  • contains cell contents
  • has double layer of phospholipids & proteins
A

plasma membrane

25
Q

phospholipid characteristics

A

polar
- hydrophilic head
- hydrophobic tail
-1 glycerol, 1 phosphoric acid, 2 fatty acids
-interacts with water

26
Q

membrane proteins

A
  1. channels or transporters
    • move molecules in 1 direction
  2. receptors
    • recognize certain chemicals
  3. glycoproteins
    • identify cell types
  4. enyzmes
    • catalyze production of substances
27
Q

catalyze production of substances

A

enzymes

28
Q

identify cell types

A

glycoproteins

29
Q

move molecules in 1 direction

A

transporters

29
Q

recognize certain chemicals

A

receptors

30
Q
  • found in plants, fungi & many protists
  • surrounds plasma membrane
  • derive from membrane organelle
A

cell wall

31
Q

contains chitin

A

fungi

31
Q

mostly cellulose

A

plants

32
Q

-viscous fluid containing organelles
-composed of:
- interconnected filaments & fibers
- fluid is cytosol
- organelles
-storage of substances

A

cytoplasm

33
Q
  • filament & fibers
  • made of 3 fiber types
    • microfilaments
    • microtubules
    • intermediate filaments
  • 3 funtions:
    • mechanical support
    • anchor organelles
    • help move substances
A

cytoskeleton

34
Q
  • provide motility
  • basal bodies like centrioles
  • bundles of microtubules
  • with plasma membrane
A

cilia
- short
- moves substances outside human cells
flagella
- whip-like extensions in sperm cells

35
Q
  • pairs of microtubular structures
  • plays a role in cell division (mitosis - anaphase)
A

centrioles
- attaches spindle fibers to chromosomes in anaphase

36
Q
  • functional components within cytoplasm
  • bound by cell membrane
A

membranous organelles

37
Q
  • control center of the cell
  • double membrane
  • has:
    • chromosomes
    • nucleolus
A

nucleus

38
Q

separates nucleus from the rest of the cell
- double membrane
- has pores

A

nuclear envelope

39
Q
  • hereditary material
  • chromosomes
    • dna
    • proteins
    • form for cell division
  • chromatin
    • dna
    • protein
A

dna

40
Q
  • most cells have 2 or more of this
  • directs synthesis of rna
  • forms ribosomes
A

nucleolus

41
Q
  • helps move substances within cells
  • network of interconnected membranes
  • 2 types:
    - rough endoplasmic reticulum (rer)
    - smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ser)
A

endoplasmic reticulum

42
Q
  • no attached ribosomes
  • has enzymes that help build molecules
    • carbs
    • lipids
A

smooth er

43
Q
  • involved in synthesis of plant cell wall
  • packaging and shipping station of cell
A

golgi apparatus

44
Q

functions of golgi apparatus

A
  1. molecules come in vesicles
  2. vesicles fuse with golgi membrane
  3. molecules may be modified by golgi
  4. molecules pinched off in spearate vesicle
  5. vesicle leaves golgi apparatus
  6. vesicles may combine with plasma to secrete contents
44
Q
  • breakdown fuel of molecules (cellular respiration)
    • glucose
    • fatty acids
    • release energy (ATP)
    • has own dna
    • bound by double membrane
A

mitochondria

45
Q
  • derived from photosynthesis bacteria (cyanobacteria)
  • solar energy capturing organelle
A

chloroplast

45
Q
  • contain digestive enzymes
  • functions:
    • aid in cell renewal
    • breakdown old cell parts
    • digests invaders
A

lysosomes

46
Q
  • membrane-bound storage sacs
  • found in:
    • plants
      contents:
    • water
    • food
    • wastes
A

vacuoles

47
Q
  • makes cellular food: glucose
  • takes place in the chloroplast
A

photosynthesis

[G11] [1ST SEM][MIDTERMS] GENBIO (2 decks)

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