LESSON 1: CELL AND ITS FUNCTIONS Flashcards
defined as the smallest, basic unit of life responsible for all of life’s processes
cell
organisms made of a single cell
- earliest on earth (3.5B yrs. ago)
- lacks defined nucleus
prokaryotic cell
bacteria and archaea are examples of?
prokaryotic cell
organisms made of 1 or more cells
- has defined nucleus enclosed by a double layer membrane
- has membrane-bound organelles
eukaryotic cell
a subcellular structure that has 1 or more specific jobs to perform in the cell
organelles
roan madorru
robert hooke
anton van leeuwenhoek
matthias schleiden
theodor schwann
rudolf virchow
dates of roan madorru
1665
1673
1838
1838
1855
1st, 2nd & 3rd theory about the cell
- all living things are made up of cells
- cell is the fundamental unit of life
- cells come from pre-existing cells
4th, 5th 6th & 7th theory about the cell
- metabolic processes occur within the cell
- cells contain hereditary material (nucleus - pro) (nucleoids - eu)
- all cells have the same chemical composition
- activity of an organism depends on the total activity of individual cells
add: hypertonic - swelling
hypotonic - shrinking
an instrument used to magnify and resolve the fine details of small objects, allowing them to be observed in detail
microscope
clogs blood for wound to heal
platelets
cell characteristics
- diverse
- small
- transport
- control
- metabolic process
smallest free-living cell
mycoplasma genitalium
largest cell in human
ovum (eggs) - measures 1000mm
largest cell with metabolism
chaos chaos or giant amoeba
smallest cell in human body
sperm cells
largest cell
ostrich yolk
-1000x bigger
-light passes through lens to magnify image
-can observe living cells
compound light microscope
main difference of prokaryotes
- lacks nucleus and other membrane-bound structures
- small ribosomes
- dna isn’t organized into chromosomes
- flagella aren’t made of microtubules and doesn’t have a 9+2 structure
- cells are made of peptidoglycan, not cellulose
main difference of eukaryotes
- have nucleus and other membrane-bound structures
- large ribosomes
- dna is organized into chromosomes
- flagella are made of microtubules and has 9+2 structure
- cell is made up of cellulose
cells must have…
- cell membrane
- nucleus
- cytoplasm
- organelles
- uses a beam of electrons to magnify image (1000x)
- kills cells being observed
- needs dead specimen
electron microscope
control center of the cell
nucleus
two types of organelles
- derived from membrane
- bacteria-like organelles
derived from symbiotic bacteria
- releases and stores energy
- endosymbiotic theory
- ancient association
bacteria-like organelles
releases energy (ATP)
mitochondria
stores energy
chloroplast
- contains cell contents
- has double layer of phospholipids & proteins
plasma membrane
phospholipid characteristics
polar
- hydrophilic head
- hydrophobic tail
-1 glycerol, 1 phosphoric acid, 2 fatty acids
-interacts with water
membrane proteins
- channels or transporters
- move molecules in 1 direction
- receptors
- recognize certain chemicals
- glycoproteins
- identify cell types
- enyzmes
- catalyze production of substances
catalyze production of substances
enzymes
identify cell types
glycoproteins
move molecules in 1 direction
transporters
recognize certain chemicals
receptors
- found in plants, fungi & many protists
- surrounds plasma membrane
- derive from membrane organelle
cell wall
contains chitin
fungi
mostly cellulose
plants
-viscous fluid containing organelles
-composed of:
- interconnected filaments & fibers
- fluid is cytosol
- organelles
-storage of substances
cytoplasm
- filament & fibers
- made of 3 fiber types
- microfilaments
- microtubules
- intermediate filaments
- 3 funtions:
- mechanical support
- anchor organelles
- help move substances
cytoskeleton
- provide motility
- basal bodies like centrioles
- bundles of microtubules
- with plasma membrane
cilia
- short
- moves substances outside human cells
flagella
- whip-like extensions in sperm cells
- pairs of microtubular structures
- plays a role in cell division (mitosis - anaphase)
centrioles
- attaches spindle fibers to chromosomes in anaphase
- functional components within cytoplasm
- bound by cell membrane
membranous organelles
- control center of the cell
- double membrane
- has:
- chromosomes
- nucleolus
nucleus
separates nucleus from the rest of the cell
- double membrane
- has pores
nuclear envelope
- hereditary material
- chromosomes
- dna
- proteins
- form for cell division
- chromatin
- dna
- protein
dna
- most cells have 2 or more of this
- directs synthesis of rna
- forms ribosomes
nucleolus
- helps move substances within cells
- network of interconnected membranes
- 2 types:
- rough endoplasmic reticulum (rer)
- smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ser)
endoplasmic reticulum
- no attached ribosomes
- has enzymes that help build molecules
- carbs
- lipids
smooth er
- involved in synthesis of plant cell wall
- packaging and shipping station of cell
golgi apparatus
functions of golgi apparatus
- molecules come in vesicles
- vesicles fuse with golgi membrane
- molecules may be modified by golgi
- molecules pinched off in spearate vesicle
- vesicle leaves golgi apparatus
- vesicles may combine with plasma to secrete contents
- breakdown fuel of molecules (cellular respiration)
- glucose
- fatty acids
- release energy (ATP)
- has own dna
- bound by double membrane
mitochondria
- derived from photosynthesis bacteria (cyanobacteria)
- solar energy capturing organelle
chloroplast
- contain digestive enzymes
- functions:
- aid in cell renewal
- breakdown old cell parts
- digests invaders
lysosomes
- membrane-bound storage sacs
- found in:
- plants
contents: - water
- food
- wastes
- plants
vacuoles
- makes cellular food: glucose
- takes place in the chloroplast
photosynthesis
