LESSON 1: CELL AND ITS FUNCTIONS

Question 1

defined as the smallest, basic unit of life responsible for all of life’s processes

Answer 1

cell

Question 2

organisms made of a single cell
- earliest on earth (3.5B yrs. ago)
- lacks defined nucleus

Answer 2

prokaryotic cell

Question 3

bacteria and archaea are examples of?

Answer 3

prokaryotic cell

Question 4

organisms made of 1 or more cells
- has defined nucleus enclosed by a double layer membrane
- has membrane-bound organelles

Answer 4

eukaryotic cell

Question 5

a subcellular structure that has 1 or more specific jobs to perform in the cell

Answer 5

organelles

Question 6

roan madorru

Answer 6

robert hooke
anton van leeuwenhoek
matthias schleiden
theodor schwann
rudolf virchow

Question 7

dates of roan madorru

Answer 7

1665
1673
1838
1838
1855

Question 8

1st, 2nd & 3rd theory about the cell

Answer 8

1. all living things are made up of cells
2. cell is the fundamental unit of life
3. cells come from pre-existing cells

Question 9

4th, 5th 6th & 7th theory about the cell

Answer 9

4. metabolic processes occur within the cell
5. cells contain hereditary material (nucleus - pro) (nucleoids - eu)
6. all cells have the same chemical composition
7. activity of an organism depends on the total activity of individual cells

add: hypertonic - swelling
hypotonic - shrinking

Question 10

an instrument used to magnify and resolve the fine details of small objects, allowing them to be observed in detail

Answer 10

microscope

Question 11

clogs blood for wound to heal

Answer 11

platelets

Question 11

cell characteristics

Answer 11

1. diverse
2. small
   - transport
   - control
   - metabolic process

Question 12

smallest free-living cell

Answer 12

mycoplasma genitalium

Question 13

largest cell in human

Answer 13

ovum (eggs) - measures 1000mm

Question 14

largest cell with metabolism

Answer 14

chaos chaos or giant amoeba

Question 15

smallest cell in human body

Answer 15

sperm cells

Question 16

largest cell

Answer 16

ostrich yolk

Question 17

-1000x bigger
-light passes through lens to magnify image
-can observe living cells

Answer 17

compound light microscope

Question 18

main difference of prokaryotes

Answer 18

• lacks nucleus and other membrane-bound structures
• small ribosomes
• dna isn’t organized into chromosomes
• flagella aren’t made of microtubules and doesn’t have a 9+2 structure
• cells are made of peptidoglycan, not cellulose

Question 19

main difference of eukaryotes

Answer 19

• have nucleus and other membrane-bound structures
• large ribosomes
• dna is organized into chromosomes
• flagella are made of microtubules and has 9+2 structure
• cell is made up of cellulose

Question 19

cells must have…

Answer 19

• cell membrane
• nucleus
• cytoplasm
• organelles

Question 19

• uses a beam of electrons to magnify image (1000x)
• kills cells being observed
• needs dead specimen

Answer 19

electron microscope

Question 20

control center of the cell

Answer 20

nucleus

Question 20

two types of organelles

Answer 20

• derived from membrane
• bacteria-like organelles

Question 21

derived from symbiotic bacteria - releases and stores energy - endosymbiotic theory - ancient association

Answer 21

bacteria-like organelles

Question 22

releases energy (ATP)

Answer 22

mitochondria

Question 23

stores energy

Answer 23

chloroplast

Question 24

- contains cell contents - has double layer of phospholipids & proteins

Answer 24

plasma membrane

Question 25

phospholipid characteristics

Answer 25

polar - hydrophilic head - hydrophobic tail -1 glycerol, 1 phosphoric acid, 2 fatty acids -interacts with water

Question 26

membrane proteins

Answer 26

1. channels or transporters - move molecules in 1 direction 2. receptors - recognize certain chemicals 3. glycoproteins - identify cell types 4. enyzmes - catalyze production of substances

Question 27

catalyze production of substances

Answer 27

enzymes

Question 28

identify cell types

Answer 28

glycoproteins

Question 29

move molecules in 1 direction

Answer 29

transporters

Question 29

recognize certain chemicals

Answer 29

receptors

Question 30

- found in plants, fungi & many protists - surrounds plasma membrane - derive from membrane organelle

Answer 30

cell wall

Question 31

contains chitin

Answer 31

fungi

Question 31

mostly cellulose

Answer 31

plants

Question 32

-viscous fluid containing organelles -composed of: - interconnected filaments & fibers - fluid is cytosol - organelles -storage of substances

Answer 32

cytoplasm

Question 33

- filament & fibers - made of 3 fiber types - microfilaments - microtubules - intermediate filaments - 3 funtions: - mechanical support - anchor organelles - help move substances

Answer 33

cytoskeleton

Question 34

- provide motility - basal bodies like centrioles - bundles of microtubules - with plasma membrane

Answer 34

cilia - short - moves substances outside human cells flagella - whip-like extensions in sperm cells

Question 35

- pairs of microtubular structures - plays a role in cell division (mitosis - anaphase)

Answer 35

centrioles - attaches spindle fibers to chromosomes in anaphase

Question 36

- functional components within cytoplasm - bound by cell membrane

Answer 36

membranous organelles

Question 37

- control center of the cell - double membrane - has: - chromosomes - nucleolus

Answer 37

nucleus

Question 38

separates nucleus from the rest of the cell - double membrane - has pores

Answer 38

nuclear envelope

Question 39

- hereditary material - chromosomes - dna - proteins - form for cell division - chromatin - dna - protein

Answer 39

dna

Question 40

- most cells have 2 or more of this - directs synthesis of rna - forms ribosomes

Answer 40

nucleolus

Question 41

- helps move substances within cells - network of interconnected membranes - 2 types: - rough endoplasmic reticulum (rer) - smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ser)

Answer 41

endoplasmic reticulum

Question 42

- no attached ribosomes - has enzymes that help build molecules - carbs - lipids

Answer 42

smooth er

Question 43

- involved in synthesis of plant cell wall - packaging and shipping station of cell

Answer 43

golgi apparatus

Question 44

functions of golgi apparatus

Answer 44

1. molecules come in vesicles 2. vesicles fuse with golgi membrane 3. molecules may be modified by golgi 4. molecules pinched off in spearate vesicle 5. vesicle leaves golgi apparatus 6. vesicles may combine with plasma to secrete contents

Question 44

- breakdown fuel of molecules (cellular respiration) - glucose - fatty acids - release energy (ATP) - has own dna - bound by double membrane

Answer 44

mitochondria

Question 45

- derived from photosynthesis bacteria (cyanobacteria) - solar energy capturing organelle

Answer 45

chloroplast

Question 45

- contain digestive enzymes - functions: - aid in cell renewal - breakdown old cell parts - digests invaders

Answer 45

lysosomes

Question 46

- membrane-bound storage sacs - found in: - plants contents: - water - food - wastes

Answer 46

vacuoles

Question 47

- makes cellular food: glucose - takes place in the chloroplast

Answer 47

photosynthesis