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Biology topic 3 > Lesson 2: Respiration > Flashcards

Lesson 2: Respiration Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is respiration?

A

the controlled release of energy.

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2
Q

what are the two types of respiration?

A

aerobic and anaerobic

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3
Q

what are some uses of energy in living organisms?

A

active transport
muscle contractions
synthesis of DNA + proteins
moving things around cells

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4
Q

what is the function of ATP?

A

store and release energy

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5
Q

What molecules is ATP made up of?

A

adenine, ribose and 3 phosphate groups

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6
Q

What type of reaction is it when ATP turns into ADP?

A

exothermic = releases energy
hydrolysis = adds water

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7
Q

what molecule is removed when ATP turns into ADP?

A

1 phosphate group

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8
Q

How does the structure of ADP differ to ATP?

A

ADP has on less phosphate group (only 2)

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9
Q

what molecule is added when ADP becomes ATP?

A

phosphate

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10
Q

what is the term used for when a phosphate is added?

A

phosphorylation

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11
Q

what molecule is removed when ADP becomes ATP?

A

water

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12
Q

what chemical reaction takes place when ADP becomes ATP?

A

endothermic = requires energy
condensation = removal of water

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13
Q

what does breaking away a phosphate group do?

A

releases energy

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14
Q

what does adding a phosphate do to molecules?

A

makes them unstable and more reactive

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15
Q

what is the purpose of respiration?

A

reform ATP from ADP

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16
Q

what is a respiratory substrate?

A

biological molecule which is oxidised during respiration to produce ATP.

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17
Q

what is the main respiratory substrate?

A

glucose

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18
Q

How do organisms get respiratory substrates?

A

absorb or produce them

19
Q

what are the two other respiratory substrates?

A

proteins and lipids

20
Q

what is the main difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

A

aerobic respiration uses oxygen while anaerobic does not

21
Q

Where does aerobic respiration occur?

A

cytoplasm and mitochondria

22
Q

what respiratory substrates are used in aerobic respiration?

A

all

23
Q

what is the ATP yield for aerobic respiration?

A

36 or 38

24
Q

what are the waste products of aerobic respiration?

A

water + carbon dioxide

25
Q

Where does anaerobic respiration occur?

A

cytoplasm

26
Q

what respiratory substrates are used for anaerobic respiration?

A

glucose only

27
Q

what is the ATP yield for anaerobic respiration?

A

2

28
Q

what is the waste product of anaerobic respiration?

A

lactic acid

29
Q

what factors affect the rate of respiration?

A

temperature
PH
respiratory substrate concentration
oxygen concentration

30
Q

what are the steps to calculating the mean rate of reaction using a respirometer?

A
  1. V = πr²h
  2. mean rate = volume/time taken
31
Q

What is the inter membrane space of the mitochondria?

A

small enclosed space between the inner and outer membrane

32
Q

what is the function of the inter membrane space?

A

small area to allow for high concentration gradients to form.

33
Q

what is the key factor which determines how much ATP can be generated?

A

how much hydrogen is available

34
Q

which respiratory substrate can generate the most ATP?

A

lipids

35
Q

how many molecules of ATP does one lipid generate?

A

460

36
Q

what is the first step when a lipid molecule is respired?

A

broken down into glycerol and fatty acids

37
Q

which part of the respiration process can the glycerol component be used for?

A

glycolysis

38
Q

what happens to fatty acids after the lipid has been broken down?

A

broken into acetyl groups and turned into units of acetyl CoA.

39
Q

why are two tubes used in a respirometer?

A

cancel out any movement in the manometer caused by temperature fluctuations.

40
Q

what are the stages of anaerobic respiration in animals?

A

Glucose breaks down into pyruvate (3C)
releases a net amount of 2 ATP + 2NADH
Pyruvate in converted into lactate in the cytosol

41
Q

what are the stages of anaerobic respiration in yeast?

A

Glucose breaks down into pyruvate.
releases 2 ATP.
Pyruvate converted into ethanal by decarboxylation.
Ethanal –>Ethanol (reduced by NADH) (happens in the cytosol)
CO₂ produced

42
Q

what is oxidation?

A

oxygen is added
hydrogen is removed
loss of electrons

43
Q

what is reduction?

A

oxygen removed
hydrogen added
electrons gained

Biology topic 3 (4 decks)

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