Lesson 2: Respiration

Question 1

what is respiration?

Answer 1

the controlled release of energy.

Question 2

what are the two types of respiration?

Answer 2

aerobic and anaerobic

Question 3

what are some uses of energy in living organisms?

Answer 3

active transport
muscle contractions
synthesis of DNA + proteins
moving things around cells

Question 4

what is the function of ATP?

Answer 4

store and release energy

Question 5

What molecules is ATP made up of?

Answer 5

adenine, ribose and 3 phosphate groups

Question 6

What type of reaction is it when ATP turns into ADP?

Answer 6

exothermic = releases energy
hydrolysis = adds water

Question 7

what molecule is removed when ATP turns into ADP?

Answer 7

1 phosphate group

Question 8

How does the structure of ADP differ to ATP?

Answer 8

ADP has on less phosphate group (only 2)

Question 9

what molecule is added when ADP becomes ATP?

Answer 9

phosphate

Question 10

what is the term used for when a phosphate is added?

Answer 10

phosphorylation

Question 11

what molecule is removed when ADP becomes ATP?

Answer 11

water

Question 12

what chemical reaction takes place when ADP becomes ATP?

Answer 12

endothermic = requires energy
condensation = removal of water

Question 13

what does breaking away a phosphate group do?

Answer 13

releases energy

Question 14

what does adding a phosphate do to molecules?

Answer 14

makes them unstable and more reactive

Question 15

what is the purpose of respiration?

Answer 15

reform ATP from ADP

Question 16

what is a respiratory substrate?

Answer 16

biological molecule which is oxidised during respiration to produce ATP.

Question 17

what is the main respiratory substrate?

Answer 17

glucose

Question 18

How do organisms get respiratory substrates?

Answer 18

absorb or produce them

Question 19

what are the two other respiratory substrates?

Answer 19

proteins and lipids

Question 20

what is the main difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

Answer 20

aerobic respiration uses oxygen while anaerobic does not

Question 21

Where does aerobic respiration occur?

Answer 21

cytoplasm and mitochondria

Question 22

what respiratory substrates are used in aerobic respiration?

Answer 22

all

Question 23

what is the ATP yield for aerobic respiration?

Answer 23

36 or 38

Question 24

what are the waste products of aerobic respiration?

Answer 24

water + carbon dioxide

Question 25

Where does anaerobic respiration occur?

Answer 25

cytoplasm

Question 26

what respiratory substrates are used for anaerobic respiration?

Answer 26

glucose only

Question 27

what is the ATP yield for anaerobic respiration?

Answer 27

2

Question 28

what is the waste product of anaerobic respiration?

Answer 28

lactic acid

Question 29

what factors affect the rate of respiration?

Answer 29

temperature PH respiratory substrate concentration oxygen concentration

Question 30

what are the steps to calculating the mean rate of reaction using a respirometer?

Answer 30

1. V = πr²h 2. mean rate = volume/time taken

Question 31

What is the inter membrane space of the mitochondria?

Answer 31

small enclosed space between the inner and outer membrane

Question 32

what is the function of the inter membrane space?

Answer 32

small area to allow for high concentration gradients to form.

Question 33

what is the key factor which determines how much ATP can be generated?

Answer 33

how much hydrogen is available

Question 34

which respiratory substrate can generate the most ATP?

Answer 34

lipids

Question 35

how many molecules of ATP does one lipid generate?

Answer 35

460

Question 36

what is the first step when a lipid molecule is respired?

Answer 36

broken down into glycerol and fatty acids

Question 37

which part of the respiration process can the glycerol component be used for?

Answer 37

glycolysis

Question 38

what happens to fatty acids after the lipid has been broken down?

Answer 38

broken into acetyl groups and turned into units of acetyl CoA.

Question 39

why are two tubes used in a respirometer?

Answer 39

cancel out any movement in the manometer caused by temperature fluctuations.

Question 40

what are the stages of anaerobic respiration in animals?

Answer 40

Glucose breaks down into pyruvate (3C) releases a net amount of 2 ATP + 2NADH Pyruvate in converted into lactate in the cytosol

Question 41

what are the stages of anaerobic respiration in yeast?

Answer 41

Glucose breaks down into pyruvate. releases 2 ATP. Pyruvate converted into ethanal by decarboxylation. Ethanal -->Ethanol (reduced by NADH) (happens in the cytosol) CO₂ produced

Question 42

what is oxidation?

Answer 42

oxygen is added hydrogen is removed loss of electrons

Question 43

what is reduction?

Answer 43

oxygen removed hydrogen added electrons gained