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Biology topic 3 > 3.1 Enzymes and metabolism > Flashcards

3.1 Enzymes and metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

which group of biological molecules do enzymes belong to?

A

proteins

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2
Q

what is metabolism?

A

complex network of chemical reactions in living organisms

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3
Q

what is a anabolic reaction?

A

build up substrates

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4
Q

what is a catabolic reaction?

A

break down substrates

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5
Q

what is the role of enzymes?

A

speed up chemical reactions

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6
Q

what is the structure of enzymes?

A

tertiary globular structure

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7
Q

lock and key mechanism vs. induced fit mechanism

A

L&K = only a specific substrate can fit into the active site
IF = active site changes shape to fit a substrate

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8
Q

evidence for induced fit hypothesis

A

crystallographic studies

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9
Q

effects of low temperatures on enzyme activity

A

slower rate of reaction due to less kinetic energy thus less successful collisions and ESC

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10
Q

effects of optimal temperature on enzyme activity

A

faster rate of reaction due to more kinetic energy, thus more successful collisions and ESC

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11
Q

effects of high temperatures on enzyme activity

A

enzymes vibrate and hydrogen bonds break. active site changes shape and ESC no longer forms.

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12
Q

effects of low or high levels of PH on enzyme activities

A

H+ and OH- ions can disrupt ionic and hydrogen bonds causing it to denature

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13
Q

what does it mean that enzymes are ‘specific’?

A

One enzyme will only work with one specific substrate

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14
Q

how do enzymes affect the activation energy of a reaction?

A

reduce activation energy

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15
Q

stages of lock and key model

A
  • Specificity
  • Enzyme-substrate complex
  • Enzyme-product complex
  • Products released
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16
Q

what factors affect the rate of reaction of enzymes

A
  • concentration of substrates
  • concentration of enzymes
  • temperature
  • Ph levels
17
Q

how does substrate concentration affect the rate of reaction

A

rate of reaction increases as concentration of substrate increases and then it plateaus.

18
Q

why does the rate of reaction of enzymes increase at first with higher concentration of substrates?

A

more substrate particles so higher frequency of successful collisions.

19
Q

why does the rate of reaction of enzymes plateau at a certain point?

A

all the active sites are taken up

20
Q

what does activation energy mean?

A

The minimum energy required for a reaction to take place

21
Q

how does substrate and enzyme concentration affect enzyme activity?

A

as substrate/enzyme concentration increases, so does the rate of reaction and then it plateaus.

22
Q

why does the rate of reaction plateau at a certain point as concentration of substrate/enzyme keep on increasing?

A

all enzymes are occupied or there are not enough substrates compared to enzymes.

23
Q

what is the difference between intracellular and extracellular enzyme-catalysed reactions?

A

intracellular = within cells
extracellular = outside of cells

24
Q

what does a non-competitive inhibitor do?

A

binds to allosteric site of enzymes changing the active site shape.

25
Q

what does a competitive inhibitor do?

A

similar shape to substrate binding to active site so substrate cannot.

26
Q

what is the process of end product inhibition?

A

when end products are in excess it will act as an inhibitor by binding to the allosteric site of the first enzyme in the metabolic pathway to regulate the amount of product produced.

27
Q

what is a linear pathway?

A

series of steps with a distinct beginning and end.

28
Q

what is a cyclical pathway?

A

involves the end product starting the next cycle (starting substrate is regenerated)

29
Q

what is an example of a linear pathway?

A

glycolysis

30
Q

what is an example of a cyclical pathway?

A

calvin and krebs cycle

31
Q

how does increasing substrate concentration affect rate of reaction when competitive inhibitors are present?

A

increasing substrate concentration can allow the rate of reaction to reach the maximum like when there is no competitive inhibitor because it increases the chances of the substrates binding to the active sites before the inhibitors do.

32
Q

how does increasing substrate concentration affect rate of reaction when non-competitive inhibitors are present?

A

the maximum rate of reaction will never be reached again as the shape of the active site has permanently changed.

33
Q

what is mechanism based inhibition?

A

inhibitor binds permanently to the active site

Biology topic 3 (4 decks)

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