LESSON 2: RESEARCH AND ITS IMPORTANCE IN DAILY LIFE Flashcards
multi-method in focus, involving an interpretive, naturalistic approach to its subject matter. This means that qualitative researchers study things in
their natural settings, attempting to make sense of or interpret phenomena in terms of
the meanings people bring to them.
Qualitative research
a systematic process of collecting and evaluating
measurable and verifiable data. It contains a statistical mechanism for assessing or
analyzing quantitative data (Creswell, 2007, as cited in Ali, 2021).
Quantitative data analysis
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH CHARACTERISTICS
The direct source of data is the natural setting, and the researcher is the key instrument in qualitative research
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH CHARACTERISTICS
- The direct source of data is the natural setting, and the researcher is the key instrument in qualitative research
- Data collected are in the form of words or illustrations rather than numbers
- Videotapes and anything else that conveys actual words or actions of people.
- Qualitative research is concerned with process as well as product.
- Analysis of data is taken inductively
- Qualitative research deals with how people make sense of their lives.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH CHARACTERISTICS
- Describing a research problem through a description of trends or a need for an explanation of the relationship among variables
- Providing a major role for the literature through suggesting the research questions to be asked and justifying the research problem, and creating a need for the direction (purpose statement and research questions or hypotheses) of the study
- Creating purpose statements, research questions, and hypotheses that are specific, narrow, measurable, and observable
- Collecting numeric data from a large number of people using instruments with preset questions and responses
- Analyzing trends, comparing groups, or relating variables using statistical analysis, and interpreting results by comparing them with prior predictions and past research
- Writing the research report using standard, fixed structures and evaluation criteria, and taking an objective, unbiased approach
one of the most popular qualitative research methods, involves the researcher
embedding himself or herself into the daily life and routine of the subject or subjects. Either as
an active participant or an observer, the researcher experiences their customs, traditions,
mannerisms, reactions to situations, etc., first hand, sometimes for years. Geographical
constraints could be a hindrance for the researcher
Ethnography
the researcher gathers data or facts from one
or two subjects through interviews, documents, etc., over time. Based on a theme, these are
then pieced together (not necessarily in the same sequence) to derive answers and
suggestions (Vashishtha, 2019)
Narrative
used to study an event or activity from
various angles. Using interviews, videos, on-site visits, etc., one can add to existing
information using perspectives and insights from the participants themselves about the
activity or event. It is primarily an experience or perception-based research method
Phenomenology
starts with a question or collection of data. Through systematic data
collection and analysis, repetitive ideas or elements are coded, and codes are grouped or
categorized. New theories may be formed based on these categories (Vashishtha, 2019).
Grounded theory
used to gather in-depth and detailed information about a subject,
any entity, organization, event, or something larger like a country. The nature of this
qualitative research method can be explanatory or exploratory
Case study
describe the current status of an identified variable. These research projects are designed to provide systematic information about a phenomenon. The
researcher does not usually begin with a hypothesis but is likely to develop one after collecting data. The analysis and synthesis of the data provide the test of the hypothesis. Systematic collection of information requires careful selection of the units studied and careful measurement of each variable.
Descriptive
attempts to determine the extent of a relationship between two or more variables using statistical data. In this type of design, relationships between and among a number of facts are sought and interpreted. This type of research will recognize trends and
patterns in data, but it does not go so far in its analysis to prove causes for these observed
patterns. Cause and effect are not the basis of this type of observational research. The data,
relationships, and distributions of variables are studied only. Variables are not manipulated;
they are only identified and are studied as they occur in a natural setting.
Correlation
attempts to establish cause-effect
relationships among the variables. These types of designs are very similar to true
experiments but with some key differences.
Causal-comparative/quasi- experimental
often called true experimentation, uses the scientific method to
establish the cause-effect relationship among a group of variables that make up a study. The
true experiment is often thought of as a laboratory study, but this is not always the case; a
laboratory setting has nothing to do with it.
Experimental research
importance of quali
important across many fields of inquiry
because it is designed for social sciences, psychology, and other fields. With this, qualitative
research would verify or validate the tendencies, transform them into research programs, and
maintain the necessary changes toward its objectives and tasks
