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[2] Geotechnical Engineering 1 > Lesson 2: Physical Properties > Flashcards

Lesson 2: Physical Properties Flashcards

1
Q

it is composed of solids, liquids, and gases

A

soil

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2
Q

it may be minerals, organic matter, or
both

A

solid phase

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3
Q

the spaces between the solids (soil particles)

A

voids

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4
Q

often the predominant liquid

A

water

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5
Q

often the predominant gas

A

air

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6
Q

it plays a very important role in the behavior of soils under load; also called the porewater

A

soil water

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7
Q

if all voids are filled with water

A

saturated

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8
Q

if all voids are filled with air

A

dry

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9
Q

the ratio of the amount of water (Ww) in the soil (Ws) and expressed as a percentage

A

water content, w

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10
Q

the ratio of the volume of void space to the volume of solids; this void ratio is usually expressed as a decimal quantity

A

void ratio, e

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11
Q

the volume of soil per unit volume of solids; this equation is useful in relating volumes

A

specific volume, V’

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12
Q

the ratio of the volume of voids to the total volume; usually expressed as a percentage

A

porosity, n

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13
Q

for coarse-grained soils:

the maximum and minimum porosities would be _____

A

48% and 26%, respectively

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14
Q

for coarse-grained soils:

the maximum and minimum void ratios of _____

A

0.91 and 0.35, respectively

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15
Q

the void ratios of real coarse-grained soils vary between _____

A

1 and 0.3

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16
Q

_____ often have void ratios greater than 1

A

clay soils

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17
Q

used to determine the specific gravity for coarse-grained soils

A

volumetric flask (at least 100mL)

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18
Q

used to determine the specific gravity for fine-grained soils

A

50-mL density bottle (stoppered bottle)

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19
Q

the ratio of the volume of water to the volume of voids, often expressed as a percentage

A

degree of saturation, S

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20
Q

S = 1 or 100%, the soil is _____

A

saturated

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21
Q

If S = 0, the soil is _____

A

bone dry

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22
Q

the weight of soil per unit volume (bulk unit weight)

A

unit weight

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23
Q

the weight of soil can be expressed in terms of:

A
  • weight of soil solids
  • moisture content
  • total volume
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24
Q

what are the special cases of unit weight?

A
  • saturated unit weight (S = 1)
  • dry unit weight (S = 0)
  • effective or buoyant unit weight
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25
Q

the ratio of the soil’s unit weight to that of water, which for a saturated soil is (γsat/γw); this ratio is a dimensionless quantity; indicates how much soil is heavier than water per unit volume or termed as the unit weight ratio or density ratio

A

Rd

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26
Q

void ratio (e) of loose uniform sand

A

0.8

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27
Q

void ratio (e) of dense uniform sand

A

0.45

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28
Q

void ratio (e) of loose angular-grained silty sand

A

0.65

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29
Q

void ratio (e) of dense angular-grained silty sand

A

0.4

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30
Q

void ratio (e) of stiff clay

A

0.6

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31
Q

void ratio (e) of soft clay

A

0.9-1.4

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32
Q

void ratio (e) of loess

A

0.9

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33
Q

void ratio (e) of soft organic clay

A

2.5-3.2

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34
Q

void ratio (e) of glacial still

A

0.3

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35
Q

an index that indicates the degree of packing between the loosest and densest possible state of coarse-grained soils as determined by experiments

A

relative density, Dr

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36
Q

e-max stands for

A

maximum void ratio (loosest condition)

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37
Q

e-min stands for

A

minimum void ratio (densest condition)

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38
Q

e stands for

A

current void ratio

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39
Q

what is the description of a coarse-grained soil with relative density of 0-20% and porosity of 100-80%

A

very loose

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40
Q

what is the description of a coarse-grained soil with relative density of 20-40% and porosity of 80-60%

A

loose

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41
Q

what is the description of a coarse-grained soil with relative density of 40-70% and porosity of 60-30%

A

medium dense

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42
Q

what is the description of a coarse-grained soil with relative density of 70-85% and porosity of 30-15%

A

dense

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43
Q

this is similar (not identical) to relative density

A

density index, Id

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44
Q

this is a ratio of the volume of excavated material to the volume of in-situ material (sometimes called borrow pit material or bank material)

A

swell factor, SF

45
Q

clay minerals with 45-145% free swell

A

calcium montmorillonite (Ca-smectite)

46
Q

clay minerals with 1400-1600% free swell

A

sodium montmorillonite (Na-smectite)

47
Q

clay minerals with 15-120% free swell

A

illite

48
Q

clay minerals with 5-60% free swell

A

kaolinite

49
Q

give the ten weight-volume relationship

A
  • water content, w
  • void ration, e
  • specific volume, V’
  • porosity, n
  • specific gravity, Gs
  • degree of saturation, S
  • unit weight
  • relative density, Dr
  • density index, Id
  • swell factor, SF
50
Q

give the four distinct states of fine-grained soil

A

in order of increasing water content
* solid
* semi-solid
* plastic
* liquid

51
Q

described as the original liquid state; as the soil dries, its water
content reduces and so does its volume

A

point A

52
Q

the soil becomes so stiff that it can no longer flow as a liquid

A

point B

53
Q

the boundary water content at point B

A

liquid limit (LL)

54
Q

the water content at which the soil changes from a plastic to a semi-solid

A

plastic limit (PL)

55
Q

the soil at point C or plastic limit (PL) is said to exhibit _____ or the ability to deform continuously without rupture

A

plastic behavior

56
Q

the state of the soil if drying is continued beyond the range of water
content for plastic behavior

A

semisolid

57
Q

the range of water contents over which the soil deforms
plastically

A

plasticity index (PI)

58
Q

as the soil continues to dry, it comes to a final state; at this state, no further volume change occurs because nearly all the water in the soil has been removed

A

solid state

59
Q

the point where the water content at which the soil changes from a semisolid to a solid

A

point D or the shrinkage limit (SL)

60
Q

useful for the determination of the swelling and shrinking capacity of soils

A

shrinkage limit (SL)

61
Q

the range of water content from the plastic limit to the shrinkage limit for which the soil behaves as a semisolid

A

shrinkage index (SI)

62
Q

he developed a method to describe the consistency of fine-grained soils with varying ω

A

Albert Atterberg

63
Q

what are the four basic states or behavior of the soil?

A
  • solid
  • semi-solid
  • plastic
  • liquid
64
Q

phase between solid and semi-solid

A

shrinkage limit (SL)

65
Q

phase between semi-solid and plastic

A

plastic limit (PL)

66
Q

phase between plastic and liquid

A

liquid limit (LL)

67
Q

what are the index parameters?

A
  • plasticity index
  • liquidity index
  • shrinkage index
68
Q

moisture content after 25 blows or moisture content at which a soil changes from the liquid state to the plastic state

A

liquid limit (LL)

69
Q

a liquid limit device used to determine the liquid limit (LL) from an apparatus that consists of a semispherical brass cup that is
repeatedly dropped onto a hard rubber base from a height
of 10mm by a cam operated mechanism

A

casagrande cup

70
Q

he developed the liquid limit device known as casagrande cup

A

Arthur Casagrande (1932)

71
Q

the moisture content in percent at which the soil crumbles, when rolled into threads of 3.2mm (1/8”) in diameter

A

plastic limit (PL)

72
Q

relative consistency of a cohesive soil in the natural state; the ratio of the difference in water content between the natural or in-situ water content of a soil and its plastic limit to its plasticity index

A

liquid index (LI)

73
Q

what is the soil strength if LI < 0?

A

semisolid state: high strength, brittle (sudden) fracture is expected

74
Q

what is the soil strength if 0 < LI < 1?

A

plastic state: intermediate strength, soil deforms like plastic material

75
Q

what is the soil strength if LI > 1?

A

liquid state: low strength, soil deforms like viscous fluid

76
Q

it is analogous to viscosity in liquids and indicates internal resistance to forces that tend to deform the soil

A

soil consistency or consistency

77
Q

what are the sources of internal resistance that tend to deform the soil?

A
  • inter-particle forces (cohesion or adhesion)
  • cementation
  • inter-particle friction
  • soil suction
78
Q

Consistency changes with _____

A

water content

79
Q

a measure of consistency is provided by _____

A

consistency index

80
Q

what is the description of fine-grained soils if the consistency index < 0.25?

A

very soft (ooze out of finger when squeezed)

81
Q

what is the description of fine-grained soils if the consistency index is between the range of 0.25-0.50?

A

soft (easily molded by finger)

82
Q

what is the description of fine-grained soils if the consistency index is between the range of 0.50-0.75?

A

firm or medium (can be molded using strong finger pressure)

83
Q

what is the description of fine-grained soils if the consistency index is between the range of 0.75-1?

A

stiff (finger pressure dents soil)

84
Q

what is the description of fine-grained soils if the consistency index > 1?

A

very stiff (finger pressure barely dents soil, but soil cracks under significant pressure)

85
Q

used describe the importance of the clay fractions on the plasticity index

A

activity (A)

86
Q

clay-rich soil with activity of <0.75

A

inactive

87
Q

clay-rich soil with activity between 0.75-1.25

A

normal

88
Q

clay-rich soil with activity between 1.25-2

A

active

89
Q

clay-rich soil with activity of >6

A

very (highly active)

90
Q

minerals with activity between 0.3-0.5

A

kaolinite

91
Q

minerals with activity between 0.5-1.3

A

illite

92
Q

minerals with activity between 4-7

A

Na-montmorillonite

93
Q

minerals with activity between 0.5-2.0

A

Ca-montmorillonite

94
Q

one of the factors used in identifying expansive or swelling soils

A

activity

95
Q

when A < 0.70, clay is classified as _____

A

inactive clay

96
Q

when 0.7 < A < 1.20, clay is classified as _____

A

normal clay

97
Q

when A > 1.20, clay is classified as _____

A

active clay

98
Q

a line that separates the inorganic clays from the inorganic silts

A

a-line

99
Q

a line that approximately the upper limit of the relationship of the PI and LL

A

u-line

100
Q

fine-grained soils can exist in one of four states, namely: _____

A
  • solid
  • semi-solid
  • plastic
  • liquid
101
Q

agent that is responsible for changing the states of soils

A

water

102
Q

a soil gets weaker if its water content _____

A

increases

103
Q

three limits based on the water content that causes a change of state

A
  • liquid limit
  • plastic limit
  • shrinkage limit
104
Q

the limit where the water content that caused the soil to change from a liquid to a plastic state

A

liquid limit (LL)

105
Q

the limit where the water content that caused the soil to change
from a plastic to a semisolid

A

plastic limit (PL)

106
Q

the limit where the water content that caused the soil to change from a semisolid to a solid state

A

shrinkage limit (SL)

107
Q

defines the range of water content for which the soil behaves like a plastic material

A

plasticity index (PI)

108
Q

gives a qualitative measure of strength

A

liquidity index (LI)

109
Q

the soil strength is lowest at the _____ and highest at the _____

A

liquid state; solid state

[2] Geotechnical Engineering 1 (2 decks)

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