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[2] Geotechnical Engineering 1 > Lesson 1: Soil Formation > Flashcards

Lesson 1: Soil Formation Flashcards

1
Q

the uncemented aggregate of mineral grains and decayed organic matter (solid particles) with liquid and gas in the empty spaces between the solid particles

A

soil

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2
Q

used as a construction material in various civil engineering projects and it supports structural foundations

A

soil

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3
Q

what are the properties of soil?

A
  • origin
  • grain-size distribution
  • ability to drain water
  • compressibility
  • shear strength
  • load-bearing capacity
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4
Q

branch of science that deals with the study of the physical properties of soil and the behavior of soil masses subjected to various types of forces

A

soil mechanics

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5
Q

subdiscipline of civil engineering that involves natural
materials found close to the surface of the earth; it includes the application of the principles of soil mechanics and rock mechanics to the design of foundations, retaining structures, and earth materials

A

geotechnical engineering

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6
Q

what are the application of principles of soil mechanics to
engineering problem?

A
  • highway retaining wall
  • building basement walls
  • bridge abutments
  • earth dam
  • waterfront bulkhead
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7
Q

what are the examples of geotechnical systems?

A
  • dams
  • tunnels
  • excavations
  • slope stabilization
  • earth retaining structures
  • subgrade support
  • ground improvements
  • foundation for buildings
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8
Q

give 2 examples of geotechnical failures

A
  • leaning Tower of Pisa
  • failure of Transcona Grain Elevator
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9
Q

chemical elements that constitute rocks

A

minerals

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10
Q

the aggregation of minerals into a hard mass

A

rocks

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11
Q

materials that are derived from the weathering of rocks

A

soils

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12
Q

average particle diameter of the soil at the 10th percentile or 10% of the particles are smaller that this diameter size

A

effective particle size (D-subscript-10)

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13
Q

average particle diameter of the soil

A

average particle diameter (D-subscript-50)

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14
Q

numerical measure of uniformity

A

uniformity of coefficient (C-subscript-u)

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15
Q

measure of the shape of the particle distribution curve (coefficient of gradation/ coefficient of concavity)

A

coefficient of curvature (C-subscript-c)

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16
Q

weathering of rock

A

soil

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17
Q

process of which rocks are broken into pieces by physical force (e.g. water, wind, waves or ice and frost)

A

mechanical weathering

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18
Q

process of chemical decomposition of the original rock

A

chemical weathering

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19
Q

what are the 3 basic types of rocks?

A
  • igneous rock
  • sedimentary rock
  • metamorphic rock
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20
Q

soils that are formed by the weathered products at their place of origin; these soils retain many of the elements that comprise the parent rock

A

residual soil

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21
Q

the composition of these soils depends on the environment under which they were transported and is often different from the parent rock

A

transported soil

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22
Q

categories of transported soil:

soils from landslides or mudflows

A

colluvial or gravity transported

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23
Q

categories of transported soil:

formed by deposition in quiet lakes

A

lacustrine

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24
Q

categories of transported soil:

transported by running water & deposited along streams

A

alluvial

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25
Q

categories of transported soil:

formed by transportation and deposition from glaciers

A

glacial

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26
Q

categories of transported soil:

transported & deposited by wind

A

aeolian

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27
Q

categories of transported soil:

formed by deposition in the seas

A

marine

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28
Q

crystalline materials and make up the solids constituent of a soil

A

minerals

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29
Q

what are the two classifications of minerals?

A

*chemical composition
*structure

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30
Q

most minerals of interest to geotechnical engineers are composed of _____ and _____, two of the most abundant elements on earth

A
  • oxygen
  • silicon
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31
Q

the principal mineral of coarse- grained soils; it is hard and composed of silicon dioxide (SiO2) in colored, colorless, and transparent hexagonal crystals

A

quartz

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32
Q

the particles of coarse-grained soil are naturally _____

A

angular

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33
Q

complex aluminum silicates made of two distinct structural units

A

clay minerals

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34
Q

composed of silica sheet

A

silicon tetrahedron

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35
Q

composed of octahedral sheet/ gibbsite (Al) sheet or brucite (Mg) sheet

A

alumina octahedron

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36
Q

what are the three clay minerals?

A
  • kaolinite
  • illite
  • montmorillonite
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37
Q

clay mineral that consists of repeating layers of elemental silica gibbsite sheets in 1:1 lattice; the layers are held together by hydrogen bonding and occurs as platelets

A

kaolinite

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38
Q

clay mineral that is commonly used in paints, paper and in pottery and pharmaceutical industries

A

kaolinite

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39
Q

(OH)8Al4Si4O10

A

kaolinite

40
Q

kaolinite family that has hydrated and tubular structure; (OH)8Al4Si4O10 * 4H2O

A

halloysite

41
Q

clay mineral that consists of gibbsite sheets bonded to two silica sheets - one at the top and another at the bottom, also bonded by potassium ions

A

illite

42
Q

illite sometimes called _____

A

clay mica

43
Q

clay mineral that has a structure similar to that of illite - one gibbsite sheet sandwiched between two silica sheets; there is
isomorphous substitution of magnesium and iron for aluminum in the octahedral sheets; potassium ions are not present as in illite and large amount of water attracted into the space between the layers

A

montmorillonite

44
Q

clay mineral that expands on contact with water and highly reactive clay

A

montmorillonite

45
Q

montmorillonite is also called _____

A

smectite

46
Q

(OH)4Al4Si8O20 * nH2O

A

montmorillonite

47
Q

part montmorillonite family that is used as drilling mud, in slurry trench walls, stopping leaks

A

bentonite

48
Q

during deposition, the mineral particles are arranged into structural frameworks that we call _____

A

soil fabric

49
Q

common type of soil fabric where particles tend to orient parallel to one another

A

flocculated structure (saltwater environment)

50
Q

common types of soil fabric where particles oriented in perpendicular manner

A

flocculated structure (freshwater environment)

51
Q

common type of soil fabric that occurs when majority of the
particles orient parallel to one another

A

dispersed structure

52
Q

what are the three major categories of particle shape?

A
  • bulky particles
  • flaky particles
  • needle-shaped particles
53
Q

a particle shape that is mostly formed by mechanical
weathering of rock and minerals

A

bulky particles

54
Q

described as angular, sub-angular, rounded, and sub-rounded

A

bulky particles

55
Q

a particle shape with very low sphericity, predominantly clay minerals

A

flaky particles

56
Q

a particle shape that is less common than the two other particle types; examples are some coral deposits and attapulgite clays

A

needle-shaped particles

57
Q

what are the three types of soil according to its particle size?

A
  • gravel
  • sand
  • silt and clay
58
Q

soil type:

pieces of rocks with occasional particles of quartz, feldspar, and other minerals

A

gravel

59
Q

soil type:

mostly made of quartz and feldspar

A

sand

60
Q

soil type:

consists of very fine quartz grain, mostly flake-shape microscopic and submicroscopic particles of mica, clay mineral and others

A

silt and clay

61
Q

what are the coarse-grained soil?

A
  • gravel (G)
  • sand (S)
62
Q

a coarse-grained soil described as rounded and/or angular bulky hard rock, coarsely divided

A

gravel (G)

63
Q

a coarse-grained soil described as rounded and/or angular bulky hard rock, finely divided

A

sand (S)

64
Q

grain size of gravel: >75 mm

A

coarse

65
Q

grain size of gravel: 4.75 mm-19 mm

A

fine

66
Q

grain size of sand: 2.0 mm-4.75mm

A

coarse

67
Q

grain size of sand: 0.425 mm-2.0 mm)

A

medium

68
Q

grain size of sand: 0.075 mm-0.425 mm

A

fine

69
Q

what are the fine-grained soil (also called fines)?

A
  • silt (M)
  • clay (C)
70
Q

a fine-grained soil described the particle size between clay and sand; nonplastic or very slightly plastic, exhibits little or no strength when dried; easily brushed off when dried

A

silt (M)

71
Q

a fine-grained soil described the particles as smooth and mostly clay minerals; greasy and sticky when wet; exhibits plasticity and significant strength when dried; water reduces strength

A

clay (C)

72
Q

what is the grain size of silt (M)?

A

0.002 mm-0.075 mm

73
Q

what is the grain size of clay (C)?

A

<0.002 mm

74
Q

determination of size range of particles present in a soil,
expressed as % of the total dry weight

A

mechanical analysis of soil

75
Q

mechanical analysis method for particle sizes larger than 0.075 mm in diameter

A

sieve analysis

76
Q

mechanical analysis method for particle sizes smaller than 0.075 mm in diameter

A

hydrometer analysis

77
Q

a method that consists of shaking the soil sample through a set of sieves that have progressively smaller openings

A

sieve analysis

78
Q

a method based on the principle of sedimentation of soil grains in water

A

hydrometer analysis

79
Q

sieve number for 4.75 mm

A

4

80
Q

sieve number for 2 mm

A

10

81
Q

sieve number for 0.84 mm

A

20

82
Q

sieve number for 0.425 mm

A

40

83
Q

sieve number for 0.25 mm

A

60

84
Q

sieve number for 0.106 mm

A

140

85
Q

what are the parameters for particle size distribution curve?

A
  • effective size (D-subscript-10)
  • uniformity coefficient (C-subscript-u)
  • coefficient of gradation (C-subscript-C)
  • sorting coefficient (S-subscript-0)
86
Q

a parameter for particle size distribution curve where the diameter in the particle-size distribution curve corresponding to 10% finer; good measure to estimate the hydraulic conductivity and drainage through soils

A

effective size (D-subscript-10)

87
Q

a parameter for particle size distribution curve defined as (C-subscript-60) over (C-subscript-10)

A

uniformity coefficient (C-subscript-u)

88
Q

a parameter for particle size distribution curve defined as (C-subscript-30) squared over (C-subscript-60) x (C-subscript-10)

A

coefficient of gradation (C-subscript-C)

89
Q

a parameter for particle size distribution curve defined as another measure of uniformity and is generally encountered in geologic works, expressed as: the square root of (D-subscript-75) over (D-subscript-25)

A

sorting coefficient (S-subscript-0)

90
Q

what are the different types of particle-size distribution curve?

A
  • curve I (poorly graded)
  • curve II (well graded)
  • curve III (gap graded)
91
Q

a type of particle-size distribution curve that represents a type of soil in which most of the soil grains are the same size

A

curve I (poorly graded)

92
Q

a type of particle-size distribution curve that represents a soil in which particle sizes are distributed over a wide range

A

curve II (well graded)

93
Q

uniformity coefficient (Cu) for gravel

A

> 4

94
Q

uniformity coefficient (Cu) for sand

A

> 6

95
Q

uniformity coefficient (Cu) for sand and gravel

A

between 1 and 3

96
Q

a type of particle-size distribution curve where soil might have a combination of two or more uniformly graded fractions

A

curve III (gap graded)

[2] Geotechnical Engineering 1 (2 decks)

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