Lesson 2: People and Population Flashcards
1
Q
In 2019, _ million people in the world were migrants. The migrant population has increased by _ million since 1990.
Migration
A
270, 120
2
Q
It illustrates how a country transitions from a pre-industrial country to an industrialized one.
FORECASTING
A
Demographic transition
3
Q
It is the group of interbreeding organisms of the same species
A
Population
4
Q
What are the population growth curves?
A
- Exponential growth (J-Curve)
- Logistic Growth (S-Curve)
5
Q
What are the possible causes of population dispersal?
A
- Food and space scarcity
- Overpopulation
- Predation risks and other negative ecological relationships
- Changes in environmental conditions
FOPC
6
Q
It is a model that describes how changes in population growth can occur.
FORECASTING
A
Demographic transition
7
Q
Death rate is lower for places with adequate and cleaner resources.
FORECASTING
A
Declining death rates
8
Q
It is the level of fertility at which a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next.
A
Replacement level
9
Q
What are the properties of a population?
A
- Population density
- Population dispersion
- Population dispersal
- Population size (natality, mortality, age structure, and biotic potential)
10
Q
The organism permanently leaves its natural population and habitat.
A
Emigration
11
Q
It is generally expressed as the number of deaths for 1000 individuals per year.
A
Mortality
12
Q
What is the formula for population density?
A
[total population] / [area of land]
13
Q
It refers to the percentage of members of a group that are likely to survive to any given age.
FORECASTING
A
Survivorship
14
Q
According to the UN, in 2024, the average life expectancy in the Philippines is __ – __ years.
A
71, 79
15
Q
What are the two divisions of countries?
A
- Developed countries
- Developing countries
16
Q
- What is the most common type of population dispersion?
- What is the rarest type of population dispersion?
A
- Clumped distribution
- Random distribution
17
Q
What are the constraints in reproducing many offspring?
A
- Scarcity of resources
- Competition
- Predation
- Disease
ScaComPreDis
18
Q
It refers to the average number of years a person is expected to live.
A
Life expectancy
19
Q
This type of distribution boosts mating opportunities for animals.
A
Clumped distribution
20
Q
Death rate declines, while the birth rate is still high.
Urbanization occurs
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION
A
Stage 2: Population explosion
21
Q
These countries have higher average incomes, slower population growth, diverse industrial economies, and strong social support systems.
A
Developed countries
22
Q
Singapore, Japan, and the USA are examples of…
A
developed countries
23
Q
After growing slowly for thousands of years, the human population began to experience exponential growth in the ____ or _____________.
A
1800s, Industrial Revolution
24
Q
Under population density, it includes only the portion of land that can actually be occupied by the species.
A
Ecological density
25
Countries with high rates of growth tend to have a higher number of younger people than older people. In contrast, countries with a slow growth rate usually have an equal distribution of ages in the population.
## Footnote
FORECASTING
Age structure
26
It is the proportion of a population in different age classes.
Age structure
27
The organism temporarily leaves its habitat for some reason
Migration
28
It is also known as the death rate
Mortality
29
What are the advantages of rapid population growth?
1. increases human capital or economic value
2. more scope for innovation, invention, and creative genius
3. enables specialization
4. increases economic growth
| HuCap in SpecEco
30
Examples: many birds and mammals
## Footnote
SURVIVORSHIP CURVES
Type II
31
It is a symbiotic relationship where one species benefits, while the other is neither harmed nor helped.
Commensalism
32
How does mortality and natality affect life expectancy?
Birth increases life expectancy; death decreases life expectancy.
33
Due to their better economic conditions, the developed countries garner more [younger] migrants and immigrants.
## Footnote
FORECASTING
Migration
34
It is the rate at which new organisms are added to a particular population via reproduction.
Natality
35
What are the types of population dispersal?
1. Emigration
2. Immigration
3. Migration
36
for plants: aid competition and promote equality
for animals: resulted by the negative ecological relationships
Uniform distribution
37
What are the factors being considered in the human development index (HDI)?
1. Economic growth
2. Life expectancy
3. Health and education system
4. Quality of life
5. Gross National Income (GNI) per capita
| EcoLife HQ GNI
38
It considers the biotic potential of every woman taken as a sample.
## Footnote
FORECASTING
Fertility rate
39
It refers to an organism's capacity to reproduce.
Biotic potential
40
The population size increases at a constant rate, and the number of cells doubles at a predictable time interval
## Footnote
THREE PHASES
Exponential phase
41
What is the difference between amensalism and commensalism?
amensalism: harmed-unaffected; negative
commensalism: benefits-unharmed; positive
42
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION: High birth and death rate; stable population size
Stage 1: Pre-industrial condition
43
It is the upper limit for population growth.
Carrying capacity
44
The human population has grown faster in the ____ century than it has ever before.
20th
45
SURVIVORSHIP CURVES: Examples: humans and other large invertebrates
Type I
46
It is the statistical study of a population, dependent on the mortality pattern and age distribution.
Demography
47
It is an ecological interaction where one organism is harmed, while the other is unaffected.
Amensalism
48
Example: dandelions
Random distribution
49
It is primarily a result of the unequal distribution of resources
Clumped distribution
50
It is a biological phenomenon where species inhibit the growth of the same species through the secretion of toxic chemicals.
Autotoxicity
51
The organism joins a new population.
Immigration
52
SOLUTION TO RAPID POPULATION GROWTH: Women are encouraged to participate in different activities, including those that are related to education and work, to lessen their chances of reproducing many offspring.
Empowering women
53
It is the study of populations in relation to the environment.
Population ecology
54
It is generally expressed as the number of births for 1000 individuals per year.
Natality
55
It refers to the increase in the proportion of people living in towns and cities. This usually happens when a country is developing.
Urbanization
56
It refers to the formation of individual animals into a group and sticking together while going to different places.
Herding
group = herd
57
What are the types of population dispersion?
1. Random distribution
2. Uniform distribution
3. Clump distribution
58
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION:
Population size decreases; post-industrial society
Stage 4: Birth rate drops below the replacement level
59
It is the number of individuals in a population.
Population Size
60
It is a metric used by the UN to determine whether a country is developed or is still developing.
Human development index (HDI)
61
They are responsible for studying the historical size and makeup of the population of different countries to make comparisons and predictions.
Demographers
62
It is made possible by the abundant and equally distributed resources within an area, as well as some abiotic factors like wind and water.
Random distribution
63
It is the evolutionary process that begin from the evolutionary history of primates of genus Homo and eventually to the emergence of anatomically modern humans.
Human evolution
64
These species invest much energy in caring for their young, resulting in lower death rates for their offspring. Most individuals survive to reproduce.
Type I
65
What are the factors influencing demographic transition?
1. technological advancement
2. economic development
3. access to education and healthcare
| Techno, Eco, Access
66
It occurs when a population's growth rate slows down and eventually stabilizes at a level called the carrying capacity.
## Footnote
THREE PHASES
Equilibrium phase
67
What is the formula for the population size?
[birth rate + immigration] - [death rate + emigration]
68
It refers to how the population size increases or decreases over time.
Population growth
69
Other than natality and mortality, the determination of _____ and _____ are also vital for interpreting the growth rate of a population.
age structure and biotic potential
70
It allows the species to live independently.
Random distribution
71
The species do not invest much energy in raising their young, resulting in higher death rates for their offspring. **However, those who could reach old age are more likely to survive longer**. Few individuals survive to reproduce
Type III
72
What are some of the population-limiting factors?
1. Availability of food, energy, and raw materials
2. The abundance of positive ecological relationships (commensalism)
73
It is the ratio of the total live birth to the total population in a particular are over a specific period.
Natality
74
What is the standard ratio of replacement level in developed countries?
2.1 children : 1 woman
75
These species have an approximately equal probability of dying at any age. These organisms may have relatively few offspring and provide significant parental care.
Type II
76
FORECASTING: It depicts the demographic history of a country transitioning from a high birth rate and death rate to a low birth rate and death rate.
Demographic transition
77
Life longevity _____ when better healthcare, hygiene, diet, and lifestyle are promoted within a place.
increases
78
SOLUTION TO RAPID POPULATION GROWTH: This program conducts regular demographic and health surveys to gather data on population trends, health indicators, and family-planning practices.
National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS)
79
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION:
Low birth rate and death rate; stabilization of the population size
Stage 3: Population growth slows down
80
What type of growth curve is produced when the population is rapidly growing?
Exponential growth (J-Curve)
81
SOLUTION TO RAPID POPULATION GROWTH: It is a policy aiming to provide access to family planning services and population education.
RA 10354 (Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012)
82
These countries have lower average incomes, simple and agricultural economies, and higher population growth.
Developing countries
83
What are the three phases in the logistic growth?
1. Lag phase
2. Exponential phase
3. Equilibrium phase
84
SOLUTION TO RAPID POPULATION GROWTH: This commission is tasked to coordinate and implement policies and programs concerning population development.
Population Commission (PopCom or CPD)
85
How does migration affect a population size?
Migrating INTO a place increases its population size; migrating OUT OF a place decreases its population size.
86
It is the number of individuals an environment can support without significant negative impacts to the given organism and its environment.
Carrying capacity
87
What type of curve is produced when the population size becomes stable?
Logistic growth (S-Curve)
88
It refers to all the organisms of the same species that live in a particular geographic area.
Population
89
The Philippines, Malaysia, and Brazil are examples of...
developing countries
90
What are the 7 examples of population size forecasting?
1. Age structure
2. Survivorship
3. Fertility rate
4. Migration
5. Declining death rates
6. Life expectancy
7. Demographic transition
91
Under population density, it includes all the land within an organism's range.
Crude density
92
What are the four stages of demographic transition?
1. Pre-industrial condition
2. Population explosion
3. Population growth slows down
4. Birth rate drops below the replacement level
93
THREE PHASES: This is the initial period where bacteria are adapting to their new environment. During this phase, bacteria may be increasing in size and metabolically active, but they are not dividing or multiplying.
Lag phase
94
It is the sum of the age-specific fertility rate (15 y/o – 49 y/o).
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
95
What are the disadvantages of rapid population growth?
1. environmental degradation
2. water shortages
3. increases pollution
4. exacerbates global warming
5. more wastes
6. congestion
96
What is the practice related to the formation of clumped distribution?
Herding
97
Under the S-Curve, these are the species that have a lower carrying capacity. They reach their reproductive age more slowly and have longer lifespans.
competition > reproduction
Equilibrium species
98
This type of distribution raises opposing influences on plants and animals.
Uniform distribution
99
Explain the three types of survivorship curves.
1. Type I - lower mortality; organisms survive to reproduce
2. Type II - equal probability of dying
3. Type III - higher mortality; organisms do not survive to reproduce
100
Example: creosote bush
Uniform distribution
101
The comparison between _____ and _____ can determine how a population's size changes over time.
natality, mortality
102
It is the ratio of the total number of deaths to the total population in a particular are over a specific period.
Mortality
103
It refers to the size of the population in a definite unit of space.
Population density
104
SURVIVORSHIP CURVES: Examples: many fish, most invertebrates, and plants
Type III
105
It occurs whenever the environment can no longer support newborn species due to population-limiting factors.
Carrying capacity
106
What is the difference between crude density and ecological density?
Crude - entire land
Ecological - usable land
107
SOLUTION TO RAPID POPULATION GROWTH: This introduces the use of condoms, contraceptives, implants, etc. to avoid pregnancy.
Safe Sex Promotion
108
It is also known as the birth rate.
Natality
109
What is the ratio of the population growth?
population over time
110
The exponential growth in a population would only occur if natality _______mortality.
exceeds
111
This property occurs when an organism leaves the space it previously occupied.
Population dispersal
112
Under the J-Curve, these are the small organisms that can reproduce many offspring at an early age. However, their *shorter lifespans* result in the *absence of parental care*
Opportunistic species
113
What are some of the sampling techniques in computing the population density?
1. Crude density
2. Ecological density
114
It is the process by which groups of living organisms expand the space or range within which they live.
Population dispersal
115
What are the classifications in age structure?
1. Pre-reproductive age
2. Reproductive age
3. Post-reproductive age
116
FORECASTING: It measures the number of babies born each year per 1000 women in a population.
Fertility rate
