Lesson 1.1: Science and the Art of Geography Ecosystem Flashcards
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1
Q
Organisms release bodily wastes including phosphorus.
A
Excretion
2
Q
Dead organic matter is compressed and hardened with sediments, forming limestones.
A
Sedimentation (sink)
3
Q
Phosphorites are gradually uplifted from the ocean floor back to the land.
A
Tectonic Uplift
4
Q
This layer is occupied by the roots of many plants
A
B-Horizon
5
Q
Carbonic acid enters the soil, which will eventually break down and travel to water bodies.
A
Chemical Weathering
6
Q
They are the shade-intolerant plants, which means that sunlight is needed for their survival.
A
Heliophytes
7
Q
What are the classifications [and subtypes] of the biotic components?
A
- Autotrophs (self-feeders)
- Photoautotrophs
- Chemoautotrophs - Heterotrophs (other-feeders)
ADDTL: 3. Saprotrophs
8
Q
What are the types and sub-branches of the abiotic component?
A
- Climatic Factors
- Wind
- Temperature
- Rain
- Light - Edaphic Factors
- Soil
- pH (potential of hydrogen)
- Minerals
- Topography
9
Q
Which states of dormancy are done during winters?
A
Hibernation (long-term) and torpor (short-term)
10
Q
It is the moving air caused by differences in air pressure due to the uneven heating on the Earth’s surface.
A
Wind (Climatic)
11
Q
Dead organic matter and unconsumed phosphorus in the ocean settle at the bottom of the ocean, eventually turning into phosphorites.
A
Sedimentation
12
Q
This layer can serve as a natural fertilizer
A
O-Horizon
13
Q
Solid ice or snow is directly converted into water vapor; it has no liquid phase.
A
Sublimation
14
Q
Through this process, carbonic acid is formed (carbon dioxide + water).
A
Precipitation
15
Q
Each level in this ecological pyramid represents the number of individual organisms consumed by the level above it.
EITHER UPRIGHT OR INVERTED
A
Pyramid of Numbers
16
Q
What are the key processes in the nitrogen cycle?
A
- Nitrogen Fixation
- nitrogen to either ammonia or nitrate - Assimilation
- plants absorb ammonia and nitrate - Ammonification
- organic nitrogen to ammonia - Nitrification
- ammonia to nitrite to nitrate - Denitrification
- nitrate to nitrogen
17
Q
They are the processes that release carbon
A
Carbon Sources
18
Q
What are the common properties of mesophytes
A
- extensive fibrous root system
- broad, flat, green leaves
- waxy cuticle
19
Q
Water is removed from the soil both by evaporation from the soil surface and by transpiration from the leaves of the plants growing on it.
A
Evapotranspiration (Total Evaporation)
20
Q
This abiotic component greatly influences transpiration and evaporation.
A
Wind (Climatic)
21
Q
This describes the continuous movement of water within the Earth and atmosphere.
A
Hydrologic Cycle
Water Cycle
22
Q
What are the consumers with both herbivorous and carnivorous characteristics?
A
Omnivores
23
Q
It is a short-term state of reduced metabolism, temperature, and energy during cold seasons and scarcity
A
Torpor
24
Q
It is the linear sequence of organisms through which energy and nutrients are being passed from one organism to another.
A
Food Chain
25
The materials in these cycles are in the form of gas. Their reservoirs are air and oceans.
Gaseous Cycles
26
Classifications according to light requirement
1. Heliophytes
2. Sciophytes
27
The break down of dead bodies in the soil or atmosphere release **carbon dioxide** and **methane gas**.
Decomposition (source)
28
What are the key processes in the phosphorus cycle?
1. Weathering
2. Uptake by Plants
3. Decomposition
4. Mineralization
5. Sedimentation
6. Tectonic Uplift
29
With many processes involved, oceans absorb and release carbon dioxide.
Ocean Exchange
30
It refers to the role or position of an organism within its ecosystem.
Ecological Niche
31
They are the warm-blooded animals with the ability to produce their own heat (heat from within).
Homeotherms (Endotherms)
32
It is a type of phosphorus is present in the bodies of organisms. It is also present in gaseous cycles.
Organic Phosphorus
33
What are the two most important biological processes in the carbon cycle?
1. Photosynthesis (sink)
2. Respiration (source)
34
This abiotic component is made up of small particles of rock (caused by weathering) mixed with decomposed plants and animals.
Soil (Edaphic)
35
In what composition is carbon being consumed by phytoplanktons and other marine organisms?
Calcium Carbonate
36
It is the study of the ecosystems
Ecology
37
They have poorly-developed roots for easier oxygen intake and with waxy cuticle to fight transpiration.
Hydrophytes
38
They are also known as trophic pyramids and energy pyramids.
Ecological Pyramids
39
This ecological pyramid is
UPRIGHT, but INVERTED for oceans with heavier zooplanktons than phytoplanktons
Pyramid of Biomass
40
It an abiotic component critical for cellular processes.
Water (Climatic)
41
What organ can mesophytes develop for food and water storage during drought?
perennating organs
42
In this process, **plants absorb nitrogen** to form organic substances. These plants are then consumed by other organisms.
Assimilation
43
In percentage, how much energy is being transferred from one trophic level to the next?
10%
44
It is the process where plants release water vapor into the atmosphere, primarily through tiny pores called stomata on their leaves.
Transpiration
45
It is formed through the interaction between the biotic (living) community and the abiotic (nonliving) environment
Ecosystem
46
What are the classifications of the biogeochemical cycles?
1. Gaseous Cycle
2. Sedimentary Cycle
47
They have low water requirements and are considered **extramophiles**
Xerophytes
48
What are the Earth's four spheres?
1. Lithosphere
2. Atmosphere
3. Hydrosphere
4. Biosphere
49
It is the process of maintaining balance in water and salt within and organism's body.
Osmoregulation
50
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. However, it can be converted from one form to another
Law of Conservation of Energy
51
When organisms consume plants, inorganic phosphorus transforms into organic phosphorus.
Immobilization
52
The circular movement of elements in the ecosystem is important to the survival of major ecosystems (e.g. lakes and forests).
Biogeochemical Cycles
53
They are the graphical representations of tropic structure and function in an ecosystem
Ecological Pyramids
54
Their growth is independent of day-length alternations.
Day-Neutral Plants
55
What are the two laws of thermodynamics that can justify the structure of trophic levels?
Law of Conservation of Energy and Law of Entropy
56
It is the process of converting atmospheric nitrogen to biologically available forms.
Nitrogen Fixation
57
It is a photoreceptor protein that senses seasonal changes in night length (or photoperiod), which they take as **signals to flower**.
Phytochrome
58
What does the mix of red and brown in soil color indicate?
The soil is mostly composed of hydrated ferric oxide.
59
This edaphic factor varies according to their organic material and water content
Soil color
60
What are the factors within the climatic factors?
WiTe RaLi
1. Wind
2. Temperature
3. Rain
4. Light
61
It is the position occupied by an organism in a food chain.
Trophic level
62
What is the only organism that can consume atmospheric nitrogen?
Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria
63
They show the relative amounts of various parameters across trophic levels.
Ecological Pyramids
64
They are autotrophs that use sunlight as an energy source and are mostly terrestrial plants, aquatic plants, and phytoplanktons.
Photoautotrophs
65
They can regulate their body temperature at a constant level some of the time.
Heterotherms
66
It is an abiotic factor reponsible for determining an area's climatic condition.
Climatic Factor
67
It gradually brings up limestones from the hydrothermal vents or carbon dioxide-rich hot springs.
Tectonic Uplift (source)
68
It refers to the living and nonliving things surrounding an organism, including the human-made structures.
Environment
69
At what temperature [in Celsius] does the disruption of an organism's proteins, tissues, and metabolism begin?
45 °C
70
Differentiate immobilization and mineralization.
1. **Immobilization** converts inorganic phosphorus to organic phosphorus
2. **Mineralization** converts organic phosphorus to inorganic phosphorus
71
Since it is poorly aerated and less prone to leaching, it can hold large quantities of water, nutrients, and minerals.
Clay
72
It is a long-term state of reduced metabolism, energy, and temperature during cold seasons
Hibernation
73
This type of food chain begins with dead organic matter. It is common in forests and deep-water aquatic ecosystems.
Detritus Food Chain
74
Differentiate decomposers and detritivores
Decomposers consume nutrients on a molecular level while detritivores eat large amounts of decaying material physically.
75
What are the common properties of hydrophytes?
1. poorly-developed roots
2. wide and flat leaves
3. waxy cuticle
76
This abiotic component can be studied or used to determine the type of animals present in an area.
Soil (Edaphic)
77
This layer is partially weathered parent material
C-Horizon
78
It is a process where rocks are broken down to release minerals including **inorganic phosphorus**.
Weathering
79
This ecological pyramid shows how energy decreases.
ALWAYS UPRIGHT
Pyramid of Energy
80
It is also known as high-energy fixation
Atmospheric Fixation
81
What is the term for sedimentary rocks rich in phosphate minerals?
Phosphorites
82
They have well-developed and extensive roots, with small leaves that are sometimes modifed into spines.
Xerophytes
83
This layer consists of pollen organic matter, highly fragmented rocks, and partially decomposed materials.
O-Horizon
84
This type of plants is known to be succulent.
Xerophytes
85
Classifications according to photoperiods
1. Short-Day Plants
2. Day-Neutral Plants
3. Long-Day Plants
86
Established by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), it aims to provide policymakers with regular scientific assessments on climate change.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
87
water vapor to humid air to clouds
Condensation
88
In percentage, how much energy is **expelled** to the environment as heat?
90%
89
Controlled by the plany hormone **auxin**, it is the directional growth of plants toward sunlight.
Phototropism
90
What are the two types of food chain?
1. Grazing Food Chain
2. Detritus Food Chain
91
What are the two classifications of phosphorus?
1. Organic Phosphorus
2. Inorganic Phosphorus
92
It is an abiotic factor that discusses the soil's composition (physical and chemical) which varies among areas.
Edaphic Factor
93
They are the cold-blooded animals whose body temperature depends on the environment (heat from without).
Poikilotherms (Ectotherms)
94
What enzyme performs the conversion of nitrogen to ammonia?
Nitrogenase
95
Do photosynthesis and respiration also occur in the aquatic system?
Yes. Photosynthesis is done by aquatic plants and phytoplanktons while respiration is done by aquatic organisms.
96
It refers to the duration of light exposure within a 24-hour period.
Photoperiod
97
They flower when days are longer than nights.
Long-Day Plants
98
What are the types of consumers?
1. Primary consumers (herbivores)
2. Secondary consumers (carnivores)
3. Tertiary consumers (omnivores)
ADDTL: 4. Quarternary consumers (predators)
99
This is an edaphic factor that indicates the acidity or alkalinity of soils, which also helps in distinguishing biological activities among places.
Soil pH
100
What is the importance of soil type determination?
It helps improve vegetation.
101
This layer is where the bedrock [or consolidated rock] is located
R-Horizon
102
Water returns to the Earth's surface
Precipitation
103
It is a process where plants absorb carbon dioxide. They intake atmospheric carbon so that organisms can use them.
Photosynthesis (sink)
104
Known as detritus feeders, they **physically** break down dead organic matter and partake in the process of decomposition.
Detritivores
105
Nitrogen is directly combined with hydrogen [from water] to make ammonia fertilizers.
Industrial Fixation
106
It is the developmental response of plants relative to the lengths of light and dark periods.
Photoperiodism
107
Since their temperature depends on the environment, proper sheltering is more important than the supply of food and energy.
Poikilotherms
108
What are the bodily adaptations for water retention?
1. oily/waxy skin for moisture
2. excretion of urine to remove excess water
3. sneezing out water vapor for solute concentrarion
109
They have high water requirements and can live floating or submerged in water bodies.
Hydrophytes
110
Burning of fossil fuels releases stored carbon as carbon dioxide.
Combustion (source)
111
Water vapor turns directly into ice.
Deposition
112
Their leaves are wide and flat in order to float
Hydrophytes
113
It is a process where plants absorb phosphorus from the soil. Then, plants are consumed by other organisms.
Uptake by Plants
114
Which sphere is absent in the phosphorus cycle?
Atmosphere
115
It is formed through the interconnection of food chains.
Food Web
116
It involves the transformation of nitrogen between various chemical forms.
Nitrogen Cycle
117
Given the ability to produce their own heat, they also require a consant supply of energy and food.
Homeotherms (Endotherms)
118
This type of soil is well-aerated and the largest in size (0.05 mm – 0.2 mm)
Sand
119
They can produce their own food from an energy source
Autotrophs/Producers/Self-feeders
120
This type of food chain begins with green plants. It is common in terrestrial and shallow aquatic ecosystems
Grazing Food Chain
121
Since it is the zone of illuviation, this layer is denser and more rich in nutrients
B-Horizon
122
It is the gradual increase in the concentration of phosphorus, nitrogen, and other plant nutrients in an aging aquatic ecosystem, resulting to algal bloom.
Eutrophication
123
Limestones are made up of two compounds relevant in the carbon cycle.
1. Calcite
2. Calcium Carbonate
124
Give examples of the obligate mutualism relationships involved in nitrogen fixation.
1. rhizobium (symbiote) to legumes
2. azospirillum (symbiote) to cereals
125
What are the four major organic compounds?
1. carbohydrates
2. proteins
3. lipids
4. nucleic acids
126
From which term does the etymology "skia" + "phyton" belong to?
Sciophytes
- skia = shade
- phyton = plant
127
What are the two nitrifying bacteria in nitrification?
1. Nitrosomonas
- ammonia to nitrite
2. Nitrobacter
- nitrite to nitrate
128
Dependent on the reproductive potential and life longevity, this ecological pyramid illustrates how the amount of available energy or organic matter at each trophic level decreases.
Pyramid of Biomass
129
Dead organic matter releases phosphorus
Decomposition
130
They have average water requirements with no specific morphological adaptations
Mesophytes
131
Because of its compaction, this soil type is the least ideal for cultivation
Clay
132
It is the political and ethical movement promoting environmental protection
Environmentalism
133
The processes within the carbon cycle have two types.
1. Carbon Sources
2. Carbon Sink
134
It is a process where microorganisms convert organic phosphorus back into its inorganic form.
Mineralization
135
They have extensive fibrous root system for water absorption with broad, flat, and **green** leaves.
Mesophytes
136
This element is essential for the composition of **all organic substances** and the regulation of the **Earth's climate**.
Carbon
137
It illustrates a more complex and realistic representation of feeding relationships in an ecosystem.
Food web
138
From which the etymology does **"oikos" + "logos"** belong to?
Ecology
- oikos = household
- logos = science
139
What is the percentage of water domination on the Earth?
70%
140
It is the immediate process done by organisms to eliminate bodily wastes.
Excretion
141
What are the factors affecting the condition of trophic levels?
1. fluctuation of sunlight
2. primary productivity
3. energy levels
4. organism types
142
What are the common properties of xerophytes?
1. well-developed and extensive root
2. either small leaves or spine leaves
3. succulent
4. waxy cuticle
143
It is a long-term state of reduced metabolism and activity during dry seasons.
Aestivation
144
Categories of plants based on **water requirements**
1. Hydrophytes
2. Mesophytes
3. Xerophytes
145
According to LCE, how does energy transform starting from the sunlight?
solar energy > chemical energy > mechanical energy (for metabolism)
146
What are the types of ecological pyramids?
1. Pyramid of Numbers
2. Pyramid of Biomass
3. Pyramid of Energy
147
This abiotic component serves as a habitat for many organisms.
Soil (Edaphic)
148
There is no loss in total energy. However, *useful energy* becomes heat.
Law of Entropy
149
It is strongly influenced by sunlight and greatly affects the metabolism of organisms.
Temperature (Climatic)
150
It is a type of phosphorus whose reservoirs are rocks and minerals. It is present in sedimentary cycles.
Inorganic Phosphorus
151
This layer is the unweathered parent material.
R-Horizon
152
It involves the movement of carbon through the biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere
Carbon Cycle
153
water to water vapor
evaporation
154
Marine organisms die and settle at the bottom of the ocean.
Fossilization (sink)
155
This layer contains mineral soil mixed with some organic matter. It is also known as the topsoil.
A-Horizon
156
What are the two types of the abiotic component?
1. Climatic Factor
2. Edaphic Factor
157
This abiotic factor is the primary source of energy, making it necessary for photosynthesis
Sunlight (Climatic)
158
The materials in these cycles are in the form of particulates or sediments. Their reservoir is the Earth's crust (rocks and minerals).
Sedimentary Cycles
159
This edaphic factor plays a crucial role in the absorption and utilization of essential trace elements required for **healthy plant growth**.
Soil pH
160
It can move other abiotic components as well as oganisms.
Wind (Climatic)
161
This layer is the zone of illuviation (result of leaching, accumulation of clay transported from the layers above it).
B-Horizon
162
This cycle involves the movement of phosphorus through the biosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere.
Phosphorus Cycle
163
From which term does the etymology "helios" + "phyton" belong to?
Heliophytes
- helio = sun
- phyton = plant
164
What are the three types of nitrogen fixation?
1. Biological Fixation
2. Atmospheric Fixation
3. Industrial Fixation
165
They consume other organisms and utilizes organic sources of carbon and energy.
Heterotrophs/Consumers/Other-feeders
166
They are the shade-tolerant plants which can live indoors.
Sciophytes
167
Carbon directly enters the ocean. It either remains as **carbon** or transforms into **carbonate ions** or **bicarbonate ions**.
Simple Diffusion Process (sink)
168
They are autotrophs that use chemical compounds (e.g. ammonia, nitrate, and hydrogen sulfide) as an energy source and are mostly deep-sea plants and bacteria.
Chemoautotrophs
169
It is the movement of water underground through aquifers, which eventually resurfaces in springs, wells, or returns to larger water bodies.
Groundwater Flow
170
What are the three soil types?
1. Sand
2. Silt
3. Clay
171
It is the science that deals with the interaction of living organisms with themselves and their environment.
Ecology
172
What are the classifications of organisms based on their ecological niche?
1. Producers (Autotrophs)
2. Consumers (Heterotrophs)
3. Decomposers (Saprotrophs)
3. Detritivores
173
It is a process involving the decomposition or excretion of organic nitrogen (inside an organism) into ammonia.
Ammonification
174
What are the consumers that eat plants or producers?
Herbivores
175
This type of soil is characterized by particles larger than clay but smaller than sand, with sizes ranging from 0.002 mm – 0.05 mm).
Silt
176
They only bloom when nights are longer than days.
Short-Day Plants
177
It is the downward movement of water through soil and rock layers, contributing to aquifers.
Percolation
178
Starting from the top, what are the layers of the soil?
OA ba ker? (OABCR)
1. O-Horizon
2. A-Horizon
3. B-Horizon
4. C-Horizon
5. R-Horizon
179
This edaphic factor indicates the composition of the soil and provides insights into the environmental condition, formation processes, and other influences of the soil.
Soil color
180
What do poikilotherms need to resist particular temperatures?
Sheltering
181
Volcanic eruption returns the limestones' stored carbon into the atmosphere.
Volcanism (source)
182
What are the consumers that eat herbivores and other organisms of their being?
Carnivores
183
Classifications (body-temp adjustment)
1. Homeotherms (Endotherms)
2. Poikilotherms (Ectotherms)
3. Heterotherms
184
It is a process of converting nitrates back into atmospheric nitrogen, done by denitrifying bacteria.
Denitrification
185
They show how specific chemical elements are being recycled and flow through the ecosystem.
Biogeochemical Cycles
186
What are the classifications [and their subtypes] of the biotic component?
1. Autotrophs (Producers)
- Photoautotrophs
- Chemoautotrophs
2. Heterotrophs (Consumers)
- Primary (Herbivores)
- Secondary (Carnivores)
- Tertriary (Omnivores)
- Quartenary (Predators)
3. Saprotrophs (Decomposers)
187
This type of soil is poorly aerated and the smallest in size (below 0.002 mm)
Clay
188
This Act aims to integrate disaster risk reduction measures into climate change adaptation plans, development and poverty reduction programs.
Climate Change Act of 2009
RA 9729
189
Goal 13: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts.
Sustainable Developmental Goal (SDG) 13
190
State the trophic level of each biotic component.
1. Producers - 1st or bottom
2. Primary Consumers - 2nd
3. Secondary Consumers - 3rd
4. Tertiary Consumers - 4th
so on
191
This type of soil can warm up easily and is most prone to leaching (extraction of nutrients from the soil)
Sand
192
Inorganic phosphorus may be distributed in three natural methods.
1. Soil Erosion (wearing away of soil)
2. Leaching (phosphorus is dissolved by water)
3. Run-off process (land to ocean)
193
This layer is also known as the depositional horizon
B-Horizon
194
It refers to the ability of the body to maintain internal balance by adjusting to the environment's condition.
Homeostasis
195
Water moves across land or into the ground.
Runoff or Infiltration
196
They are the living factors of the ecosystem, affecting the population of another organism or environment.
Biotic Components
197
They **chemically** break down dead organic matter and are unable to ingest food. They are also responsible for converting organic matter back into its inorganic state.
Examples: bacteria and fungi
Decomposers (Saprotrophs)
198
They are the nonliving physical and chemical components that influence both terrestrial and aquatic living things
Abiotic Components
199
It is a process referring to the immediate way of returning carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere.
Respiration (source)
200
Once volcanoes generate flashes of lightning, they will **breakdown nitrogen**, allowing the end-product **to bond with other gases.**
Example: nitrogen + oxygen = nitrate
Atmospheric fixation
201
This layer is considered the transition layer between horizons affected by weathering and the bedrock
C-Horizon
202
This procedure converts excess ammonia into urea; it is performed in the liver.
Ornithine Cycle
203
This abiotic factor is an agent for weathering, pollination, and seed dispersal.
Wind (Climatic)
204
What are the six notable properties of water?
1. natural in three phases
2. high surface tension (cohesive - water to itself)
3. capillary action (adhesive - water to other)
4. high specific heat (boiling point)
5. neutral pH (hydrogen ions = hydroxyl ions)
6. universal solvent (high polarity)
205
It is the process of converting ammonia to nitrates with the help of two nitrifying bacteria
Nitrification
206
Xerophytes: define extramophiles.
These organisms can live in extereme conditions. Xerophytes, being extramophiles, lean on dry habitats.
207
They are the processes that absorb carbon
Carbon Sinks
208
It includes all populations, representing multiple species, in the same region.
Community
209
It is an understanding of how biodiversity affects ecological function is an important
focus area in ecological studies.
Ecology
210
It describes the transfer of energy from one organism to another through
feeding relationships within an ecosystem.
Energy Flow
211
It visually represents the energy flow and trophic structure of an ecosystem.
Ecological Pyramids
212
It is the most consistent and representative models of ecosystem structure.
Pyramid of Energy
