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Anatomy 2086 > Lesson 2 part 1 > Flashcards

Lesson 2 part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 special senses?

A

1.) Olfaction
2.) Gustation
3.) Vision
4.) Equilibrium
5.) Hearing

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2
Q

what is Gustation?

A

sensory perception of molecules dissolved in water (tasting)
- gustation chemical stimulants are tastants; which are detected by gustatory receptor cells (sensory cells) that are clustered in 4,000 taste buds

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3
Q

what are Lingual papillae?

A

visible bumps on the tongue
- there are 4 types, three of which are taste buds

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4
Q

what are the 4 types of Lingual papillae?

A

1.) Filiform papillae

2.) Foliate papillae

3.) Fungiform papillae

4.) Vallate papillae

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5
Q

Definition of Filiform papillae?

A

small spikes with no taste buds
- sense food texture (mouthfeel)
- provides friction

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6
Q

Definition of Foliate papillae?

A

Form parallel ridges along sides of posterior two-thirds of tongue
- taste buds that mostly degenerate by age 3

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7
Q

Definition of Fungiform papillae?

A

Shaped like mushroom, at tips and side of tongue
- each has about three taste buds

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8
Q

Definition of Vallate papillae?

A

Large papillae arranged in a V at rear of tongue
- contains up to one-half of all taste buds

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9
Q

what are Gustatory receptor cells?

A

they are the sensory cells that detect tastants.

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10
Q

what are taste buds comprised of?

A
  • Clusters of 50-100 taste cells
  • supporting cells
  • Basal cells
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11
Q

what are Basal cells?

A

stem cells that replace taste cells every 7 to 10 days

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12
Q

What are the 5 primary taste sensations?

A

1.) Salty
2.) Sour
3.) Sweet
4.) Bitter
5.) Umami

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13
Q

what does the taste Salty come from?

A

produced by metal ions
- Sodium and Potassium

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14
Q

what does the taste Sour come from?

A

acids such as in citrus fruits (H+ ions)

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15
Q

what does the taste sweet come from?

A

associated with carbohydrates and other foods of high caloric value

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16
Q

where does the taste Bitter come from?

A

spoiled foods and alkaloids such as nicotine, caffeine, and quinine

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17
Q

where does the taste Umami come from?

A

meaty of savory taste of amino acids (Glutamate) in chicken or beef broth. receptor sensitive to amino acids, small peptides and nucleotides.

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18
Q

what is Oleogustus?

A

a newly found primary taste
- is the taste of fats
- receptors detects long chains of fatty acids

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19
Q

Which three cranial nerves carry taste information?

A
  • Facial Nerve 7 anterior two-thirds of tongue
  • Glossopharyngeal Nerve 9 posterior one-third of tongue
  • Vagus Nerve 10 palate, pharynx, and epiglottis
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20
Q

where do the three cranial nerves synapse onto?

A

They synapse onto neurons located in the medulla oblongata
- This is where the second-order neuron takes over

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21
Q

What happens once the second-order neuron takes over at the medulla oblongata?

A
  • Hypothalamus and amygdala= activate reflexes for salivation, gagging, and vomiting
  • Thalamus, which relays to primary gustatory cortex in Insula for perception of taste
  • Thalamus also relays to orbitofrontal cortex from overall impression of flavor, palatability of the food
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22
Q

what is Olfactory Mucosa?

A

Patch of epithelium in roof of nasal cavity that houses receptor cells.
- contains 10s of millions olfactory cells, epithelial supporting cells, and basal stem cells

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23
Q

what is Lamina propria?

A

Superior to mucosa, contains areolar connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves, and olfactory glands

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23
Q

what are Olfactory cells?

A

They are located in the olfactory mucosa
- Neurons
- have 10s of millions immobile cilia (olfactory hair)

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23
Q

what do olfactory glands produce?

A

produce mucus to coat the olfactory organs

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24
Q

what is the definition of Hearing?

A

response to vibrating air molecules
- pressure waves in air

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25
Q

what is the definition of Equilibrium?

A

sense of motion, body orientation, and balance

26
Q

what is the definition of sound?

A

any audible vibration of molecules

26
Q

what is the definition of pitch?

A

whether a sound is high (treble) or low (bass)

27
Q

What is pitch determined by?

A

Frequency of vibration (hertz, Hz)

28
Q

What frequency can humans hear?

A

20 to 20,000 Hz

29
Q

Outer (external) ear?

A

Funnel for conducting airborne vibrations to the eardrum.
- Begins with cartilaginous auricle (pinna) on side of head

30
Q

What is the auditory canal (external acoustic meatus)?

A

slightly curved passage 3 cm long leading through temporal bone to eardrum.

31
Q

What is the Tympanic membrane innervated by?

A
  • Vagues nerve 10
  • Trigeminal nerve 5
    this makes the tympanic membrane very sensitive
32
Q

What is the Tympanic cavity?

A

air-filled space between the outer and inner ear

33
Q

how does air get into the tympanic cavity?

A

air enters through the auditory tube
- which is a passageway to nasopharynx, normally the passage is closed (flattened) but opens when swallowing and yawning.

34
Q

what are the Auditory ossicles?

A
  • the three smallest bones of the body
  • connect tympanic membrane to inner ear
  • Malleus
  • Incus
  • Stapes
35
Q

definition of Malleus?

A

has a long handle attached to inner surface of tympanic membrane and a head that articulates with incus.

36
Q

definition of Incus?

A

has triangular body that articulates with malleus and long limb articulates with stapes.

37
Q

definition of stapes?

A

shaped like a stirrup; base (footplate) held in an opening called the oval window, where the inner ear begins.

38
Q

what is the oval window?

A

where the inner ear begins

39
Q

what is Stapedius?

A

muscle that attaches to stapes
- contraction reduces vibration of stapes on oval window

40
Q

what is Tensor tympani?

A

muscle attaches to tympanic membrane
- loud noise causes tensor tympani to contract tensing the eardrum

41
Q

what is tympanic reflex?

A

the stepedius and tensor tympani muscles reflexively contract to protect the inner ear from loud sounds.

42
Q

Inner (internal) ear?

A

Portion of ear housed within a maze of temporal bone passages.

43
Q

what is the bony Labyrinth?

A

internal passages in temporal bone
- inner ear

44
Q

what is the Membranous labyrinth?

A

fleshy tubes suspended within bony labyrinth
- tube-within-a-tube structure

45
Q

What is Perilymph?

A

fluid between bony and membranous labyrinth; similar in composition to intracellular fluid

46
Q

what is Endolymph?

A

fluid within membranous labyrinth; labyrinth; similar in composition to intracellular fluid

47
Q

what is vestibule?

A

chamber where the labyrinths begin
- contains organs of equilibrium

48
Q

what is the cochlea?

A

coild organ used in hearing
- has three fluid-filled chambers separated by membranes

49
Q

which part of the basilar membrane makes high pitch sounds?

A

the basal end near oval window because it is stiff and moves with high frequency waves

50
Q

which part of the basilar membrane makes low-pitched signals?

A

the Apex of the basilar membrane because it is more flexible and moves more with low frequency waves

51
Q

what are the reasons older people lose hearing?

A
  • tympanic membrane becoming less flexible
  • ariculations between ossicles stiffen
  • round window begins to ossify
52
Q

Conductive Deafness?

A

conditions interfere with transmission of vibrations to inner ear
- damaged tympanic membrane, otitis media, blockage of auditory canal, and otosclerosis (fusion of ossicles that prevents free movement

53
Q

Sensorineural (nerve) deafness?

A

death of hair cells or any nervous system elements concerned with hearing
- musicians and people normally exposed to loud sounds

54
Q

what is equilibrium?

A

sense of body orientation, movement and balance

55
Q

what is vestibular apparatus?

A

contains receptors for equilibrium

56
Q

what is static equilibrium?

A

perception of orientation of head in space; detected by saccule and utricle

57
Q

what is dynamic equilibrium?

A

perception of motion or acceleration

58
Q

Linear acceleration?

A

change in velocity in a straight line; detected by saccule and utricle
- dynamic equilibrium

59
Q

Angular acceleration?

A

change in rate of rotation; detected by semicircular ducts
- dynamic equilibrium

60
Q

what is Macula sacculi

A

lies vertically on wall of saccule

61
Q

what is macula utriculi

A

lies horizontally on floor of uticle

62
Q

Which areas do the vestibular nuclei relay information to? 5 areas.

A

1.) Cerebellum= integrates vestibular info into controls of head and eye movement, muscle tone and posture

2.) Reticular formation of the brain stem= thought to adjust blood circulation and breathing

3.) Spinal cord= descend through two vestibulospinal tracts of SC, and innervate extensor antigravity muscles

4.) Thalamus= relay to cerebral cortex for awareness of position and motor control of head and body

5.) Nuclei of oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerves (3, 4, 6)

Anatomy 2086 (4 decks)

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