LESSON 2: LECTURE Flashcards
T or F: Data-driven decision-making is an approach that relies on empirical data, data analysis, and insights to inform strategies that are aimed at improving outcomes and increasing efficiency across various domains.
True
T or F: Data availability and analysis have become paramount in shaping effective strategies to address health challenges and improve public health outcomes.
False; Data availability and utilization
This is a primary use of data-driven public health decision-making. The continuous, systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of health-related data is needed to plan, implement, and evaluate public health initiatives.
● Data allows public health officials to detect trends, outbreaks, and patterns of diseases in real time. Timely and accurate surveillance allows for rapid responses to potential health threats, preventing further spread and minimizing their impact on communities.
Surveillance
● Data analytics enables public health professionals to identify and understand __________ associated with various diseases and health conditions.
● This allows tailored interventions to target the specific needs of at-risk populations effectively.
● Proactively identifying _________ can help prevent diseases before they escalate, reducing the burden on healthcare systems.
Risk factor identification
Through data-driven decision-making, public health interventions can be continuously assessed and evaluated for their effectiveness. Data provides concrete evidence of what works and what may not, allowing policymakers to make informed adjustments to improve outcomes and allocate resources more efficiently.
Intervention evaluation
● When ___________ public health programs, data-driven decision-making ensures that resources are allocated to areas with the highest need.
● Data analysis allows decision-makers to identify geographical locations or demographics that require more attention and support.
● This targeted approach helps maximize interventions’ impact and promote equity in healthcare access.
Implementation
are two sides of the same coin, and together, they form the backbone of the public health information system.
Biostatics and Epidemiology
“Statistics is the science which deals with collection, classification and tabulation of numerical facts as the basis for explanation, description and comparison of phenomena”
Lovitt
________ arising out of biological sciences, particularly from the fields of Medicine and public health.
Statistics
The methods used in dealing with statistics in the fields of _______________________ for planning, conducting and analyzing data which arise in investigations of these branches.
medicine, biology and public health
_________ is the science that helps in managing medical uncertainties
Biostatistics
- Intrinsic due to biological, environmental and sampling factors
- Natural variation among methods, observers, instruments etc.
- Errors in measurement or assessment or errors in knowledge
- Incomplete knowledge
Sources of Medical Uncertainties
● Biological due to age, gender, heredity, parity, height, weight, etc. Also due to variation in anatomical, physiological and biochemical parameters
● Environmental due to nutrition, smoking, pollution, facilities of water and sanitation, road traffic, legislation, stress and strains etc.
● Sampling fluctuations because the entire world cannot be studied and at least future cases can never be included
● Chance variation due to unknown or complex to comprehend factors
Intrinsic variation as source of medical uncertainties
● In developing a research design that can minimize the impact of uncertainties
● In assessing reliability and validity of tools and instruments to collect the information
● In proper analysis of data
ROLE OF BIOSTATISTICS IN MEDICAL RESEARCH THAT HELP PUBLIC HEALTH
● Planning
● Design
● Execution (Data collection)
● Data Processing
● Data analysis
● Presentation
● Interpretation
● Publication
STATISTICS COVERS
observation, questionnaire, record form, interviews, survey,
Primary source
census, medical record,registry
Secondary data
- Routinely kept records
- Surveys (census)
- Experiments
- External source
Sources of data
an enumeration of people, houses, firms, or other important items in a country or region at a particular time.
Census
RA 10625
The Philippine Statistical Act of 2013
are quantitative information about a population’s “_____ events” such as the number of births (natality), deaths (mortality), marriages (nuptiality) and divorces.
VITAL STATISTICS
○ Birth data.
○ Mortality data.
○ Fetal death data.
○ Linked birth and death data.
○ Marriages and divorces.
○ National Maternal and Infant Health Survey.
○ National Mortality Followback Survey.
Key Vital Statistics Sources
● QUALITATIVE DATA
● DISCRETE QUANTITATIVE
● CONTINUOUS QUANTITATIVE
TYPES OF DATA
Nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio
Qualitative
■ Sex(M,F)
■ Exam result (P, F)
■ Blood Group (A,B, O or AB)
■ Color of Eyes (blue, green, brown,
black)
Nominal
- Ranking
○ Example:
■ Response to treatment (poor, fair,
good)
■ Severity of disease (mild, moderate,
severe)
■ Income status (low, middle,high)
Ordinal
○ Pertaining to actual values
○ Does not have true 0
Interval
Have a true 0
Ratio
● No linear progression of data
● Example:
○ The no. of family members
○ The no. of heart beats
○ The no. of admissions in a day
DISCRETE QUANTITATIVE
● Progression of data
● Example:
○ Height
○ Weight
○ Age
○ BP
○ Serum
○ Cholesterol and BMI
CONTINUOUS QUANTITATIVE
used to determine gaps between possible values
Discrete data
Data is linear, continuous, and in progression
Continuous - Qualitative Data
Values from large proportion of people will make the curve taller
Normal distribution curve
is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to
the control of health problems
Epidemiology
the study (scientific, systematic,
data-driven) of the distribution (frequency, pattern) and determinants (causes, risk factors) of health-related states or events (not just diseases) in specified populations (community), and the application (public health interventions) of this study to the control of health problems
Epidemiology
● Essay entitled “On Airs, Water, and Places”
● Environmental and host factors influence the development
of disease
Hippocrates 400 B.C.
● Published analysis of mortality data in 1662
● First to quantify patterns of birth, death, and disease
occurrence
● Noted disparities between males and females, high infant
mortality, urban/ rural differences, and seasonal variations
John Graunt 1662
● Systematically collecting and analyzing Britain’s mortality statistics.
● Father of Modern Vital Statistics and Surveillance
● Reporting to health authorities and the general public
William Farr 1800
● Father of Field Epidemiology
● Conducted studies of cholera outbreaks to discover the
cause of disease and to prevent its recurrence
John Snow 1854
● British Doctor’s Study
● Smoking caused lung cancer
● Tobacco smoking increased risk of lung cancer
● Smoking decreases life span up to 10 years
● More than 50% of all smokers die of smoking-related
diseases.
● Associations with vices and diseases
19th and 20th Century
Framingham Heart Study Dr. Thomas Royle Dawber
○ First to used the term “risk factor”
○ High fat diet causes a higher risk for heart
disease
○ exercises for 10 hrs a week = decreases risk of
heart disease
○ Ph genome promotes low HDL
Cigarette smoking, increased cholesterol, obesity, and elevated blood pressure increase risk of heart diseases Exercise decreases risk of heart disease
High levels of HDL cholesterol reduces risk
Inheritance patterns
19th and 20th century
A major role of epidemiology is to provide a clue to changes that take place over time in the health problems presented in the community.
Changing patterns
Populations are facing rise of non-communicable diseases generally among affluent sections while communicable diseases and under nutrition still persist among the poorest sections of the society
Double Burden of Disease
Populations suffer from backlog of common infections, undernutrition, and maternal mortality, the emerging challenges of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), such as cancer, diabetes, heart disease, and mental illness, and the problems directly related to globalization, like pandemics and the health consequences of climate change.
Triple Burden of Disease
The stage of subclinical disease, extending from the time of exposure to onset of disease symptoms, is usually called
incubation period for infectious diseases and the latency period for chronic diseases
Refers to a disease that occurs infrequently and irregularly
Sporadic
The habitual presence of a disease within a given geographical area. Usual occurrence of a given disease within an area
Endemic
The occurrence in a community or region of a group of illnesses of similar nature, clearly in excess of normal expectancy, and derived from a common or from a propagated source
Epidemic
Refers to a worldwide epidemic
Pandemic
Point
Continuous
Propagated
Mixed
Epidemic pattern
Group of persons are all exposed to an infectious agent or a toxin from the same source
Common source
If the group is exposed over a relatively brief period, so that everyone who becomes ill does so within one incubation period
Point-source outbreak
-patients have been exposed over a period of days, weeks, or longer
Continuous common-source outbreak
Results from transmission from one person to another. Usually, transmission is by direct person-to-person contact
Propagated Outbreak
Some epidemics have features of both common-source epidemics and propagated epidemics. Common-source outbreak followed by secondary person-to person spread
Mixed epidmic
