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Biology 225 Forms and Functions > Lesson 2 - Food processing > Flashcards

Lesson 2 - Food processing Flashcards

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1
Q

At the cellular level, what are used as a source of energy? (3)

A

1.carbohydrates
2.lipids
3.proteins

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2
Q

what are essential nutrients? why are they essential?

A

1.several amino acids
fatty acids
vitamins
minerals
2. must be supplied by the diet because 9/20 the body is unable to synthesize them

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3
Q

What is important to know about the table of amino acids? (2)

A
  1. the intake amounts of these amino acids change as a function of age (infants require more than adults).
  2. the essential amino acids don’t all require the same recommended intake amount
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4
Q

There are 2 types of fatty acids that we cannot synthesize. Which ones?

A

omega-3
omega-6
found on the phospholipids of the lipid bilayer

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5
Q

vitamines are synthesized by what?

A

plants (except vitamins B12 and D) when we eat plants, we incorporate these vitamins into our own tissues

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6
Q

There are 2 distinguised types of vitamines. Which are they?

A

water-soluble
lipid-soluble

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7
Q

What is Nicotinamide adein dinucleotide (NAD) in the citric acid cycle made of?

A

the vitamin niacin.

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8
Q

What is the vitamin Riboflavin a component of?

A

it is a component of the FAD molecule found in the citric acid cycle

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9
Q

without niacin or riboflavin what happens to our cells?

A

Our cells will generate no ATP

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10
Q

Minerals are the only essential nutrients that are…?

A

inorganic

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11
Q

Where do minerals come from?

A

Minerals are the products of the physical and chemical weathering of rocks.

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12
Q

Which minerals are essential to animals? (5)

A
  1. Calcium
  2. phosphorus
  3. potassium
  4. magnesium
  5. sodium
  6. iron
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13
Q

How do animals ingest minerals?

A

suspended in the soil solution, plants incorporate these minerals into their tissues. Once animals eat plants, the minerals are incorporated in their own tissues.

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14
Q

Minerals that function in fluid balance and nerve impulse transmission are called..?

A

electrolytes

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15
Q

which phylum has no digestive system?

A

prorifera (sponges)

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16
Q

How do sponges digest their food?

A

intracellularly- beating flagella move currents of water in from pores and out through the osculum- suspended within this water are food particles.
As the water flows through the collar of the choanocytes, food particles get attached and engulfed by phagocytosis. The food containing vacuole will fuse with lysosomes where hydrolytic enzymes break down the food particles. Alternatively, the food vacuoles can migrate towards the end of the choanocytes to get engulfed by amoebocytes. these amoebocytes cells have very active cytoskeletons allowing them to move around and deliver nutrients to the individual body cells of the sponge.
there is no cavity dedicated for food digesting food extracellularly

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17
Q

What do one-way digestive systems feature?

A

a single opening leading to a compartment called the gastrovascular cavity

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18
Q

What are the functions of the gastrovascular cavity?

A
  1. ingestion
  2. digestion
  3. absorption
    4.elimination
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19
Q

how do cniderians like the hydra eat?

A

they use their tentacles to push the food into their gastrovascular cavity, then the epithelial cells found in the lining of the digestive tract release digestive enzymes that break down food particles and turn them into a liquid slurry that can be absorbed by the epithelial cells.

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20
Q

How do flatworms from the platyhelminthes phylym digest food?

A

muscle action pushes the digested food towards the terminal ends of the gastrovascular cavity.
The inflodings of the terminal ends creates a high surface area ensuring that every cell in the body is in direct contact with the gastrovascular cavity to receive nutrients. Gatrovascular cavity can also serve as the animals circulatory system.

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21
Q

which phylum have a two way digestive system?

A

Annelids and Birds

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22
Q

What specialized compatments do annelids and birds have?

A
  1. gizzard - composed of thick muscular tissue that helps to grind and pulverize food. + small stones that enhances the ability of the gizzard to pulverize the food
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23
Q

do small birds have a gizzard? what to they eat instead of seeds?

A

no.
it would compromise their ability to fly
instead they derive their nutrition from the fleshy parts of the injested fruits.

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24
Q

In mammals, where does food processsing begin? which tools enable this?

A

mechanical digestion begins in the oral cavity.
Teeth and the skeletal muscle tissue of the jaw are the tools that enable this.

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25
Q

Function of the tongue

A

a muscular organ that shapes food into a bolus and aids in swallowing. despite its musculature, the tongue is a very sensitive organ.

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26
Q

what enables the chemical digestion of food?

A

salivary glands associated with the oral cavity that secretes substances through a duct .

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27
Q

what is saliva made of? (5)

A

a mixture of salts, water and glycoproteins.
contains microbial agents to kill and disable pathogenic bacteria.
contains salivary amylase, a digestive enzyme that initiates the digestion of polysaccharides into smaller polysaccharides

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28
Q

What is the function of saliva?

A

to lubricate food and protect the lining of the mouth

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29
Q

what comes right after the salivary glands?

A

the pharynx

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30
Q

what does the trachea lead to?

A

the lungs

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31
Q

what does the esophagus lead to?

A

the stomach

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32
Q

what happens as the bolus is swallowed?

A

the epiglottis flips downwards, shutting off the access to the trachea and preventing us from chocking

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33
Q

what connects the oral cavity to the stomach?

A

the esophagus

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34
Q

how does the food makes its way from the oral cavity to the stomach?

A

smooth muscle tissue performs peristalsis, the involuntary muscle contraction that push food into the stomach

35
Q

What is the stomach made out of?

A

3 overlapping sheets of smooth muscle tissue oriented in different directions to optimize the churning of food

36
Q

does peristalsis continue in the stomach?

A

yes, it churns the food in a bath of hydrochloric acid

37
Q

the interior of the stomach is lined with which type of cells?

A

simple columnar cells

38
Q

what is studded along the sheet of epithelial cells in the stomach? function?

A

deep pits called gastric glands, they secrete substances via ducts into the stomach to enable chemical digestion.

39
Q

what other cells are found along the gastric gland in the stomach? (3)

A

1.mucous cells
2. Chief cells
3. Parietal cells

40
Q

what is pepsin?

A

the active form of the enzyme that begins the digestion of proteins into smaller polypeptides. Pepsin can accelerate the process of converting pepsinogens into pepsin , thus being a positive feedback loop.

41
Q

what is the function of chief cells?

A

secrete pepsinogens. Once secreted into the stomach, the drop in pH causes pepsinogens to undergo a conformational change and become pepsin.

42
Q

what is the function of parietal cells?

A

source of hydrogen and chloride ions that couple together in the stomach to make hydrochloric acid.

43
Q

what is the function of mucus cells?

A

secrete mucus to protect the epithelial lining of the stomach from the corrosive effects of hydrochloric acid.

44
Q

when does the positive feedback loop of pepsin end in the stomach?

A

once the proteins have been fully digested and moved to the small intestine.

45
Q

when do we refer to the bolus as chyme?

A

once the mechanical and chemical digestion in the stomach is complete

46
Q

As the chyme moves to the small intestine, there is a substantial drop in…?

A

volume

47
Q

what prevents too much chyme from moving to the small intestine too quickly?

A

the pyloric sphincter

48
Q

what regulates how quickly chyme moves to the small intestine? what is the rate of these contractions controlled by?

A
  1. peristaltic contractions
  2. hormonal control
49
Q

what is the first segment of the small intestine called?

A

the duodenum

50
Q

which are the three accessory glands that connect into the duodenum?

A
  1. liver (connected by the bile duct)
  2. gallbladder (connected by the bile duct)
  3. pancreas (connected by a separate duct and the bile duct)
51
Q

what neutralizes chyme to a pH of 7 in the small intestine?

A

bicarbonate ions produced by the pancreas

52
Q

what is the second segment of the small intestine called?

A

jejunum

53
Q

what is the third segment of the small intestine called?

A

ileum

54
Q

what does chyme move towards?

A

the distal end of the small intestine by peristalsis, where it meets the ileocecal sphincter at the junction of the large intestine.

55
Q

what is within each villus of the small intestine? (2)

A
  1. blood capillaries that receive the digested nutrients
  2. the lacteal vessel
56
Q

what do the blood capillaries in the villus receive?

A

water-soluble nutrients

57
Q

what does the lacteal vessel in the villus receive?

A

hydrophobic nutrients

58
Q

in the oral cavity, what initiates the digestion of polysaccharides like starch and modest amounts of glycogen into smaller polysaccharides? (carbohydrates)

A

salivary amylase

59
Q

What is the chemical digestion in the small intestine? (hint: what organ secretes a digestive enzyme) and in which part exactly? (carbohydrates)

A

the pancreas secretes pancreatic amylase into the duodenum. to cleave polysaccharides into disaccharides.

60
Q

what do the epithelial cells of the small intestine secrete to turn disaccharidases to digest the disaccharides sucrose, lactose, and maltose? (carbohydrates)

A

the disaccharidases-
1. sucrase
2. lactase
3. maltase

61
Q

for the digestion of proteins in the small intestine, which organ secretes protein-splitting enzymes? which enzymes are they?

A
  1. the pancreas in the small intestine
  2. trypsin
  3. chymotrypsin
62
Q

what is the bulk of lipids consumed as?

A

triglyceride form

63
Q

to break up large fat globules into smaller bits, what is produced? and by which organ?

A

bile produced by the liver and temporarily stored in the gallbladder is secreted into the duodenum

64
Q

what is the name given for the physical separation of fat into smaller fat droplets?

A

emulsification

65
Q

what is a phospholipid-rich solution that helps the fat dissolve in a watery solution of the gut?

A

bile

66
Q

for fat digestion in the small intestine, what happens to the fat globules once they are emulsified and into smaller fat droplets?

A

pancreatic lipase begins the digestion of the triglycerides

67
Q

what is the end product of fat digestion?

A

glycerol molecules, free fatty acids, and monoglycerides that can be absorbed by epithelial cells.

68
Q

once in the epithelial cells of the small intestine, the products of lipid digestion are reassembled into…1… and packaged into peculiar-looking structures called ..2..?

A
  1. triglycerides
  2. chylomicrons
69
Q

chylomicrons are cloaked in what? what does that permit?

A
  1. phospholipids
  2. to be water soluble
70
Q

what is the function of chylomicrons?

A

lipid transport by concealing their hydrophobicity

71
Q

what is the downside of chylomicrons?

A

their size.
they are too big to fit into tiny blood capillaries, therefore they enter the lacteal vessel.

72
Q

where do the chylomicrons travel from the lacteal vessel?

A

they then enter the lymphatic system, moving up the thoracic duct and dropping into the subclavian vein, where they finally enter the circulatory system.

73
Q

what happens to food that is neither absorbed nor consolidated?

A

ends up as waste in the large intestine

74
Q

what does the large intestine begin with?

A

the appendix

75
Q

what is the appendix endowed with?

A

connective tissue, specific cells of the immune system, thus playing a role in the immune function

76
Q

what follows the appendix?

A

the cecum (a pouch situated between the appendix and the junction where the small intestine empties into the large intestine) holds a large number of bacterial cells dedicated to the digestion of fibrous plant material.

77
Q

who does not require a colon or a cecum?

A

carnivores, because they do not eat plant material

78
Q

since lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins are digested in the small intestine, what does the large intestine do in carnivores?

A

the large intestine serves as water reabsorption and consolidation of waste

79
Q

in herbivorous animals, which part of their digestive system is exaggerated?

A

the cecum because it holds a diversified number of bacterial cells to digest both soluble fibers like pectin and insoluble fibers like cellulose.

80
Q

what is above the junction of the small and large intestines?

A

the colon

81
Q

what is beyond the colon?

A

the rectum and anus

82
Q

what is the function of the colon?

A

reabsorb water and consolidate waste for elimination. but digestion of fibrous material continues to be digested by bacteria residing in the colon

83
Q

are there more bacterial cells in the small intestine or large intestine?

A

large intestine by 7 x more.

Biology 225 Forms and Functions (6 decks)

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