Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CE03 - Fundamentals Of Surveying > Lesson 2: Errors and Statistics > Flashcards

Lesson 2: Errors and Statistics Flashcards

1
Q

Process of determining the extent, size, or
dimensions of a particular quantity in
comparison to a given standard.

A

Measurement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Consists of several physical operations
which renders a numerical value.

A

Measurement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Maybe direct or indirect

A

Measurement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

It entails the entire process of
obtaining a desired quantity, including
preparations (instrument calibration and
setup), pointing, matching, and comparing.

A

Measurement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

is a single, unadjusted
determination of a linear or angular value.

A

Observation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Measurements are numerical values for
random variables which are subject to
statistical fluctuations.

A

Variability in Repeated
Measurements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

An inherent quality of physical properties.

A

Variability in Repeated
Measurements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Statistical variations due to observational
errors.

A

Variability in Repeated
Measurements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

difference between the measured or
calculated value of a quantity and given or
established (“true”) value of that quantity.

A

Error

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

the negative of error.

A

Correction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Sources of Errors

A
  • Natural Errors
  • Instrumental Errors
  • Personal Errors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

caused by variations in
the phenomena of nature, such as
changes in magnetic declination,
temperature, etc.

A

Natural Errors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

due to imperfections in the instruments used.

A

Instrumental Errors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

arise principally from
the limitations of the senses of sight,
touch, and hearing of the observer.

A

Personal Errors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Types of Errors

A
  1. Mistakes or Blunders
  2. Systematic or Cumulative Errors
  3. Random or Accidental Errors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Mistakes or Blunders

A
  • Actually not errors because they are
    usually so gross in magnitude compared to
    to the other types of errors.
  • One of the most common reasons is
    simple carelessness on the part of the
    observer.
  • An observation with a mistake is not
    useful unless the mistake is removed.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Common Mistakes or Blunders

A
  1. Reading the wrong graduation on the tape.
  2. Omitting a whole length of tape.
  3. Transposition of figures.
  4. Misplacing a decimal point.
  5. Incorrect recording of field notes.
  6. Sighting the wrong target.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

So-called because they occur according to
some deterministic system, which, when
known, can be expressed by some
functional relationship.

A

Systematic or Cumulative Errors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Caused by physical and natural conditions
that vary in accordance with known
mathematical or physical laws.

A

Systematic or Cumulative Errors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Types Systematic Error

A
  • Constant Error
  • Counteracting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

if its magnitude and sign
remains the same throughout the
measuring process or field conditions are
unchanged.

A

Constant Error

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

if its sign changes while its
magnitude remains the same.

– due to the personal bias of the observer.

A

Counteracting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Common Systematic or
Cumulative Errors

A
  1. Equipment out of calibration.
  2. Personal biases of the observer.
  3. Use of incorrect units (feet instead of meters)
24
Q

Produced by irregular causes that are
beyond the control of the observer.

A

Random or Accidental Errors

25
Q

This variation results from observational
errors which have no known functional
relationship based upon a deterministic
system.

A

Random or Accidental Errors

26
Q

Must use probability models.

A

Random or Accidental Errors

27
Q

General Uses of Statistics

A
  • Statistics aid in decision making.
  • Statistics summarizes data for public use.
28
Q

Statistics aid in decision making.

A

– Provides comparison.
– Explains action that has taken place.
– Justifies a claim or assertion.
– Predicts future outcome.
– Estimates unknown quantities.

29
Q

degree of refinement and measure
of the uniformity of the result.

A

Precision

30
Q
  • degree of conformity with a
    standard or accepted value.
  • denotes how close a given measurement is
    to the absolute value of the quantity.
A

Accuracy

31
Q

The Concept of Probability

A
  • Probability
  • Random Variable
  • Random Event
32
Q

is the likelihood associated
with a random event.

A

Probability

33
Q

a variable that takes on
any of several possible values.

A

Random Variable

34
Q

is one whose relative
frequency of occurrence approaches a
stable limit as the number of observations
is increased to infinity.

A

Random Event

35
Q

represents the probability
density of a single random variable.

A

Histogram

36
Q

represents the probability
density of two random variables.

A

Stereogram

37
Q

Measures of Central Tendency

A
  1. Median
  2. Mean
  3. Mode
  4. Midrange
38
Q

positional middle of the
arrayed data.

A

Sample median

39
Q

Characteristics of sample median

A
  • Affected by the position of each item but not by the value of each item.
  • A stable measure of central tendency.
40
Q

sum of all the values of the
observations divided by the number of
observations. (Most Probable Value)

A

Sample mean

41
Q

Characteristics of sample mean

A
  • Most familiar measure of central tendency
    used.
  • Affected by the value of every observation.
  • In particular, it is strongly influenced by
    extreme values.
  • Since it is a calculated number, it may not be an
    actual number in the data set.
42
Q

value that occurs most
frequently in the sample

A

Sample Mode

43
Q

Characteristics of sample mode

A
  • Not always exist. If it does, it may not be
    unique (2 or more sample modes).
  • Not affected by extreme values.
  • Easiest to compute.
44
Q
  • value of observation that is
    midway along the range.
  • arithmetic mean of the largest and
    smallest observations.
A

Midrange

45
Q

Sample Statistics for Dispersion

A
  1. Range
  2. Mean Deviation
  3. Variance
  4. Standard Deviation
46
Q

The total spread of the sample.

A

Range

47
Q

arithmetic mean of the absolute values of
the deviation from any measure of
position.

A

Mean Deviation

48
Q

Parameter of dispersion or spread.

A

Variance

49
Q

Positive square root
of the variance

A

Standard Deviation

50
Q

Measures of Quality

A

Weight
Relative Error or Precision
Ratio of Misclosure

51
Q

the quantity that is inversely
proportional to variance.

A

Weight

52
Q

ratio of the error to the measured or estimated quantity.

A

Relative Error or Precision

53
Q

ratio between the total error and the total length of the survey.

A

Ratio of Misclosure

54
Q

Sometimes called the deviation.

A

Residual

55
Q

Defined as the difference between any
measured quantity and its most probable
value (MPV).

A

Residual

CE03 - Fundamentals Of Surveying (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions