Lesson 1: Introductions To Surveying Flashcards
Constitute the only reliable and permanent record of actual work done in the field.
Field notes
If notes are incorrect or incompletely done – time, money and effort in data gathering are wasted.
Field notes
The quality of field work is reflected directly in the manner he keeps his field record.
Field notes
The official record of the survey.
Field notes
Types of Field Notes:
- Sketches
- Tabulations
- Explanatory notes
- Computations
- Combination
Information Found in Field Books:
- Title or Name of the Project
- Time of Day and Date
- Weather Conditions
- Names of Group Members and Their Designations
- List of Equipment
Recording Observed Data
- Follow a consistent simple style of writing.
- Use of a sharp pencil.
- Record directly in the field book immediately following a measurement, rather than on a sheet of
scratch paper for copying. - Do not erase recorded data. If a number has been recorded incorrectly, a line is run through it without destroying its legibility and the correct value is written above the mistake. If the entire page is to be deleted, diagonal lines are drawn from opposite corners and “VOID” is lettered prominently.
- Avoid crowding observed data.
- Always bring along a straight edge for ruling lines, and a small protractor for laying off angles.
- To avoid misinterpretation of data, use sketches other than tabulations. Also use explanatory notes.
- Indicate north at the top of the page of the field notebook for all sketches shown in plan and draw a meridian arrow.
- Tabulated values should be kept inside the column rulings, with the decimal point and digits aligned vertically. Notes should not be made to appear either more precise or less precise than they really are.
- Computations made in the field should be recorded in the field notebook in order that they can be checked later. The checks are necessary to determine if there is a need to repeat a particular observation or measurement.
- Number every page of the field notebook. There should be no doubt with regard to the correct sequence of recorded field data.
Survey Party
• Chief of Party
• Assistant Chief of Party
• Instrument man
• Technician
• Data processor
• Recorder
• Head Tapeman
• Rear Tapeman
• Flagman
• Rodman
• Pacer
• Axeman or Lineman
• Aidman
• Utilitymen
An arm and hand signal is any gesture or motion that conveys information or gives a command, direction or warning.
Survey Hand Signals
Usually employed due to the difficulty to communicate verbally in the field due to distance, wind conditions, and surrounding noise.
Survey Hand Signals
Care and Handling of Instruments
• Know how to use the instrument.
• Always place them in stable grounds when in use.
• Place them properly in their container.
• Do not use them if the weather does not permit.
• Check their functionality before and after field work.
• If wet, dry them by carefully wiping excess water and do not put them immediately in their storage or container.
• Carry the instrument properly
• Be mindful of the surroundings when transporting any equipment.
• Avoid playing with the instrument.
• Always make sure that the equipment is secure.
The science concerned with the
measurement, representation, analysis, management, retrieval and, display of spatial information describing both the Earth’s physical features and the built-in environment.
Geomatics
Geomatics includes disciplines
such as:
– Surveying
– Geodesy
– Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry
– Cartography
– Geographic Information Systems
– Global Positioning Systems
The art of making measurements of the relative positions of natural and man-made features on the earth’s surface, and the presentation of this information either graphically or numerically
Geomatics (Traditional Definition)
The art and science of determining angular and linear measurements to establish the form, extent, and relative position of points, lines, and areas on or near the surface of the earth or on other extraterrestrial bodies through applied mathematics and the use of specialized equipment and techniques.
Geomatics (Modern Definition)
In 1990
The military requirements of World Wars I and II provided the motivation for vast improvements in the design of surveying equipment and execution of surveying operations.
Uses of Survey
- Establishment of land boundaries.
- Fixing of national and state boundaries.
- Charting of coastlines and navigable streams and lakes.
- Precise location of definite reference points throughout the country.
- Collection of valuable facts concerning the earth’s magnetism at widely scattered stations throughout the country.
the type of surveying in which the mean surface of the earth is considered a plane or in which its spheroidal shape is neglected.
Plane Surveying
takes into account the true shape of the earth.
Geodetic Surveying
consists of the establishment of the horizontal and vertical positions of arbitrary points.
Control Surveying
performed to determine the length and direction of lot lines and to establish the position of these lines on the ground.
Property Surveying
made to secure data from which may be made a map indicating the configuration of the terrain and the location of natural and human-made objects.
Topographic Surveying
refers to surveys of bodies of water for the purposes of navigation, water supply, or subaqueous construction.
Hydrographic Survey
utilizes the principles for land, geologic and topographic surveying to control, locate and
map underground and surface works related to mining operations.
Mine Survey
refers to those control, topographic, and construction
surveys necessary for the location and construction of lines of transportation,
etc.
Route Survey
performed to lay out, locate, and monitor public and private engineering works.
Construction survey
measurements made on
photographs are used to determine the positions of
photographed objects.
Photogrammetric Survey
a curved surface every element of which is normal to a line that is directed exactly toward the Earth’s center of gravity (plumb line).
Level surface
direction away from the center of the Earth and above the observer’s head
Zenith
direction towards the center of the Earth.
Nadir
plane tangent to a level surface at a particular point.
Horizontal plane
a line tangent to a level surface. In surveying, it is commonly understood that this line of sight is straight.
Horizontal line
an angle formed by the intersection of two lines in a horizontal plane.
Horizontal angle
a line perpendicular to the horizontal plane.
Vertical line
is a plane in which a vertical line is an element.
Vertical plane
angle between two intersecting lines in a vertical plane.
Vertical angle
angle between two lines in a vertical plane where it is understood that one of the lines is directed toward the zenith.
Zenith angle
angle between two lines in a vertical plane where it is understood that one of the lines is directed toward the nadir.
Nadir angle
distances measured along a
level line.
Horizontal distances
vertical distance above (or below) some arbitrarily assumed level surface, or datum.
Elevation of a point
an imaginary line of constant elevation on
the ground surface.
Contour
vertical distance between
two points.
Difference in elevation
operation of measuring difference in
elevation
Leveling
slope of the line, rate of ascent or descent
Grade or Gradient of a line
