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Operating System - Midterms > Lesson 2: Computer System Structure > Flashcards

Lesson 2: Computer System Structure Flashcards

1
Q

set of integrated devices that input, output, process, and store data and information

A

Computer System

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2
Q

basic, complete and functional hardware and software setup with everything needed to implement computing performance

A

Computer System

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3
Q

Four Main Structural Elements of a Computer System (PMIS)

A

Processor, Main Memory, I/O Modules, System Bus

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4
Q

[Main Structural Elements of a Computer System] controls the operation of the computer and performs data processing functions

A

Processor

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5
Q

[Main Structural Elements of a Computer System] commonly known as central processing unit (CPU)

A

Processor

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6
Q

[Main Structural Elements of a Computer System] stores data and programs which is typically volatile

A

Main Memory

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7
Q

[Main Structural Elements of a Computer System] moves data between the computer and its external environment

A

I/O Modules

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8
Q

[Main Structural Elements of a Computer System] provides communication among processors, main memory and I/O modules

A

System Bus

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9
Q

startup sequence that starts the operating system of a computer when it is turned on

A

Booting

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10
Q

the initial set of operations that the computer performs when it is switched on

A

Boot Sequence

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11
Q

program whose task is to load a bigger program, such as the operating system

A

Boot Loader

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12
Q

Stages of Linux Boot Process (BMGKIR)

A

BIOS
MBR
GRUB
Kernel
Init
Runlevel

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13
Q

What does BIOS stand for?

A

Basic Input/Output System

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14
Q

What does BIOS do?

A

—Performs some system integrity checks
—Searches, loads, and executes the boot loader program
—Loads and executes the MBR boot loader

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15
Q

What does MBR stand for?

A

Master Boot Record

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16
Q

Where is MBR located?

A

First sector of the bootable disk

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17
Q

Three components of MBR (PPM)

A

Primary boot loader info (first 446 bytes)
Partition table info (next 64 bytes)
MBR validation check (last 2 bytes)

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18
Q

What does MBR do?

A

Loads and executes the GRUB boot loader

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19
Q

What does GRUB stand for?

A

Grand Unified Bootloader

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20
Q

What does GRUB do?

A

—displays a splash screen, waits for few seconds, if you don’t enter anything, it loads the default kernel image as specified in the grub configuration file
—loads and executes Kernel and initrd images

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21
Q

What does Kernel do?

A

—mounts the root file system as specified in the “root=” in grub.conf
—executes the /sbin/init program

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22
Q

what does initrd stand for?

A

Initial RAM Disk

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23
Q

What is initrd?

A

—used by kernel as temporary root file system until kernel is booted and the real root file system is mounted
—contains necessary drivers compiled inside, which helps it to access the hard drive partitions, and other hardware

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24
Q

What does Init do?

A

—looks at the /etc/inittab file to decide the Linux run level
—identifies the default initlevel from /etc/inittab and uses that to load all appropriate program
—execute ‘grep initdefault /etc/inittab’ on your system to identify the default run level

25
Q

Available run levels

A

0 – halt
1 – Single user mode
2 – Multiuser, without NFS
3 – Full multiuser mode
4 – unused
5 – X11
6 – reboot

26
Q

What is the default run level?

A

3 or 5

27
Q

Stages of Normal PC Boot Process (SBIL)

A

Startup of PC
BIOS to POST
Identify boot device
Load OS

28
Q

Categories of Booting Process (HS)

A

Hard (Cold) Booting
Soft (Warm) Booting

29
Q

[Categories of Booting Process] when computer starts form the very beginning or completely dead state, can be considered as a self-test power-on mode for computers

A

Hard (Cold) Booting

30
Q

[Categories of Booting Process] restarting the computer and allows the system to load OS again, which means that the system is already turned on from the beginning. Mostly, performing asoft boot up when the PC was not shut down properly or in case of anytechnical issuewhile operating it.

A

Soft (Warm) Booting

31
Q

Two Fundamental Approaches to OS Interface (CG)

A

Command-line Interface (CLI)
Graphical User Interface (GUI)

32
Q

[Two Fundamental Approaches to OS Interface] allows users to directly enter commands to be performed by the operating system

A

Command-Line Interface (CLI)

33
Q

[Two Fundamental Approaches to OS Interface] allows users to interface with the operating system via icons or graphics by means of point-and-click operations

A

Graphical User Interface (GUI)

34
Q

Some Advantages of GUI (CUM)

A

CONFIRM: visually acknowledges and confirms each type of activities performed by the users
UNDERSTAND: easy to understand
MULTITASKING: enables the users to perform a number of tasks at the same time

35
Q

Rough categories of I/O devices (SUCO)

A

Storage
User Interface
Communications
Other

36
Q

How devices communicate with the computer

A

Signals sent over wires or air

37
Q

How devices connect with the computer

A

Ports

38
Q

common set of wires connecting multiple devices

A

Bus

39
Q

include rigid protocols for the types of messages that can be sent across the bus and the procedures for resolving contention issues

A

Bus

40
Q

Bus Types Commonly Found in a Modern PC (PESD)

A

PCI Bus
Expansion Bus
SCSI Bus
Daisy-chain Bus

41
Q

[Bus Types Commonly Found in a Modern PC] connects HIGH-SPEED HIGH-BANDWIDTH DEVICES to the memory subsystem and the CPU

A

PCI Bus

42
Q

[Bus Types Commonly Found in a Modern PC] connects SLOWER BANDWIDTH DEVICES, which typically deliver data one character at a time with buffering

A

Expansion Bus

43
Q

[Bus Types Commonly Found in a Modern PC] connects a number of SCSI devices to a common SCSI controller

A

SCSI Bus

44
Q

[Bus Types Commonly Found in a Modern PC] a string of devices is connected to each other like beads on a chain, and only one of the devices is directly connected to the host

A

Daisy-chain Bus

45
Q

Communicate with devices associated with each port

A

Registers

46
Q

Registers may be 1-4 bytes in size and may include…? (IOSC)

A

Data-IN Register
Data-OUT Register
Status Register
Control Register

47
Q

[Registers] read by the host to get input from the device

A

Data-in Register

48
Q

[Register] written by the host to send output

A

Data-out Register

49
Q

[Register] has bits read by the host to ascertain the status of the device

A

Status Register

50
Q

[Register] has bits written by the host to issue commands or to change settings of the device

A

Control Register

51
Q

Another technique for communicating with devices in which certain portion of the processor’s address space is mapped to the device and communications occur by reading and writing directly to/from those memory areas

A

Memory-Mapped I/O

52
Q

suitable for devices which must move large quantities of data quickly

A

Memory-Mapped I/O

53
Q

can be used either instead of or more often in combination with traditional registers

A

Memory-Mapped I/O

54
Q

when does potential problem exists with memory-mapped I/O

A

if a process is allowed to write directly to the address space used by a memory-mapped I/O device

55
Q

T or F: The processor (CPU) can load instruction only from memory.

A

True

56
Q

Where does general purpose computers run their programs from?

A

Main memory (RAM)

57
Q

What is the most common secondary storage?

A

Magnetic disk

58
Q

Hierarchy of Storage-Device (RCMS-MOM)

A

Registers
Cache
Main memory
Solid-state disk
Magnetic disk
Optical disk
Magnetic tapes

Operating System - Midterms (4 decks)

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