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Biology 110 Lecture (Rubite) > Lesson 2 (Chapter 54, Community Ecology) > Flashcards

Lesson 2 (Chapter 54, Community Ecology) Flashcards

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1
Q

an assemblage of populations of various species living close enough for potential interaction

A

community

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2
Q

relationships between species

A

interspecific interactions

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3
Q

can affect the survival and reproduction of each species, in which the effects can be summarized as positive (+), negative (-), or no effect (0)

A

interspecific interactions

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4
Q

examples of interspecific interactions

A

competition, predation, herbivory, symbiosis (parasitism, mutualism, commensalism), facilitation

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5
Q

occurs when species compete for a resource in short supply (-/-)

A

competition

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6
Q

strong competition can lead to this phenomenon

A

competitive exclusion

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7
Q

local elimination of a competing species

A

competitive exclusion

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8
Q

states that two species competing for the same limiting resources cannot coexist in the same place

A

competitive exclusion principle

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9
Q

total of a species’ use of biotic and abiotic resources

A

ecological niche

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10
Q

can also be thought of as an organism’s ecological role

A

ecological niche

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11
Q

can coexist in a community if there are one or more significant differences in their niches

A

ecologically similar species

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12
Q

differentiation of ecological niches, enabling similar species to coexist in a community

A

resource partitioning

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13
Q

a niche potentially occupied by a species

A

fundamental niche

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14
Q

the niche actually occupied by a species

A

realized niche

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15
Q

a species’ fundamental niche may differ from its realized niche due to this

A

competition

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16
Q

behavior in which an organism is active during nighttime

A

nocturnal

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17
Q

behavior in which an organism is active during daytime

A

diurnal

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18
Q

a tendency for characteristics to be more divergent in sympatric populations of two species than in allopatric populations of the same two species

A

character displacement

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19
Q

evolution of a new species from a surviving ancestral species while both continue to inhabit the same geographic region

A

sympatric speciation

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20
Q

speciation that occurs when biological populations of the same species become isolated due to geographical changes

A

allopatric speciation

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21
Q

interaction in which one species, the predator, kills and eats the other, the prey (+/-)

A

predation

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22
Q

some feeding adaptations of predators

A

claws, teeth, fangs, stingers, poison

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23
Q

defensive adaptations of prey

A

behavioral adaptations such as hiding, fleeing, forming herds or schools, self-defense, alarm calls; morphological adaptations; physiological adaptations

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24
Q

makes prey difficult to spot

A

cryptic coloration or camouflage

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25
Q

bright warning coloration exhibited by animals with effective chemical defense

A

aposematic coloration

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26
Q

predators are particularly cautious in dealing with prey that display such coloration

A

aposematic coloration

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27
Q

in which a prey species may gain significant protection by mimicking the appearance of another species

A

Batesian mimicry

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28
Q

in which a palatable or harmless species mimics an unpalatable or harmful model

A

Batesian mimicry

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29
Q

in which two or more unpalatable species resemble each other

A

Müllerian mimicry

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30
Q

interaction in which an herbivore eats parts of a plant or alga (+/-)

A

herbivory

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31
Q

has led to evolution of plant mechanical and chemical defenses and adaptations by herbivores

A

herbivory

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32
Q

a relationship where two or more species live in direct and intimate contact with one another

A

symbiosis

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33
Q

in which one organism, the parasite, derived nourishment from another organism, its host, which is harmed in the process (+/-)

A

parasitism

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34
Q

a parasite that lives within the body of its host

A

endoparasite

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35
Q

a parasite that lives on the external surface of a host

A

ectoparasite

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36
Q

true or false: many parasites do not have a complex life cycle involving a number of hosts

A

false

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37
Q

true or false: some parasites change the behavior of the host in a way that increases the parasites’ fitness

A

true

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38
Q

an interspecific interaction that benefits both species (+/+)

A

mutualism

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39
Q

mutualism in which one species cannot survive without the other

A

obligate mutualism

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40
Q

mutualism in which both species can survive alone

A

facultative mutualism

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41
Q

interaction in which one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped (+/0)

A

commensalism

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42
Q

why commensal interactions are hard to document in nature

A

any close association likely affects both species

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43
Q

interaction in which one species has positive effects on another species without direct and intimate contact (+/+) or (+/0)

A

facilitation

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44
Q

true or false: in general, a few species in a community exert strong control on that community’s structure

A

true

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45
Q

two fundamental features of community structure

A

species diversity, feeding relationships

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46
Q

the variety of organisms that make up the community

A

species diversity

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47
Q

two components of species diversity

A

species richness, relative abundance

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48
Q

the number of different species in the community

A

species richness

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49
Q

the proportion each species represents of all individuals in the community

A

relative abundance

50
Q

diversity can be compared using this device

A

Shannon diversity index (H)

51
Q

formula of the Shannon diversity index

A

H = -(p_A[ln p_A] + p_B[ln p_AB] + p_C[ln p_C] + …)

where A, B, C, … are the species, p is the relative abundance of each species, and ln is the natural logarithm

52
Q

true or false: determining the number and abundance of species in a community is difficult, especially for small organisms

A

true

53
Q

can be used to help determine microbial diversity

A

molecular tools

54
Q

why do ecologists manipulate diversity in experimental communities

A

to study the potential benefits of diversity

55
Q

benefits of having communities with higher diversity

A

more productive and more stable in their productivity

better able to withstand and recover from environmental stresses

more resistant to invasive species

56
Q

organisms that become established outside their native range

A

invasive species

57
Q

the feeding relationships between organisms in a community

A

trophic structure

58
Q

a key factor in community dynamics

A

trophic structure

59
Q

link trophic levels from producers to top carnivores

A

food chains

60
Q

a branching food chain with complex trophic interactions

A

food web

61
Q

true or false: species cannot play a role at more than one trophic level

A

false

62
Q

how can food webs be simplified

A

grouping species with similar trophic relationships into broad functional groups

isolating a portion of a community that interacts very little with the rest of the community

63
Q

true or false: each food chain in a food web is usually only a few links long

A

true

64
Q

two hypotheses that attempt to explain food chain length

A

energetic hypothesis, dynamic stability hypothesis

65
Q

hypothesis in which length is limited by inefficient energy transfer

A

energetic hypothesis

66
Q

most data support this hypothesis

A

energetic hypothesis

67
Q

total mass of all individuals in a population

A

biomass

68
Q

hypothesis in which long food chains are less stable than short ones

A

dynamic stability hypothesis

69
Q

species with large impact

A

highly abundant species, species that play a pivotal role in community dynamics

70
Q

species that are most abundant or have the highest biomass

A

dominant species

71
Q

species that exert powerful control over the occurrence and distribution of other species

A

dominant species

72
Q

one hypothesis suggests that they are most competitive in exploiting resources

A

dominant species

73
Q

one hypothesis is that they are most successful at avoiding predators

A

dominant species

74
Q

typically introduced to a new environment by humans, often lack predators or disease

A

invasive species

75
Q

species that exert strong control on a community by their ecological roles or niches

A

keystone species

76
Q

species that are not necessarily abundant in a community, in contrast to dominant species

A

keystone species

77
Q

species that cause physical changes in the environment that affect community structure, also known as ecosystem engineers

A

foundation species

78
Q

a model of community organization that proposes a unidirectional influence from lower to higher trophic levels

A

bottom-up model

79
Q

in which the presence or absence of mineral nutrients determines community structure, including the abundance of primary producers

A

bottom-up model

80
Q

a model of community organization that proposes that control comes from the trophic level above, also called the trophic cascade model

A

top-down model

81
Q

in which the predators control herbivores, which in turn control primary producers

A

top-down model

82
Q

a method that can help restore polluted communities

A

biomanipulation

83
Q

decades ago, most ecologists favored this viewpoint

A

communities are in a state of equilibrium

84
Q

suggested that species in a climax community function as a superorganism

A

F. E. Clements

85
Q

challenged whether communities were at equilibrium

A

A. G. Tansley, H. A. Gleason

86
Q

describes communities as constantly changing after being buffeted by disturbances

A

nonequilibrium model

87
Q

an event that changes a community, removes organisms from it, and alters resource availability

A

disturbance

88
Q

what characterizes a high level of disturbance

A

high intensity, high frequency of disturbance

89
Q

suggests that moderate levels of disturbance can foster greater diversity than either high or low levels of disturbance

A

intermediate disturbance hypothesis

90
Q

effect of high levels of disturbance

A

exclude many slow-growing species

91
Q

low levels of disturbance

A

dominant species exclude less competitive species

92
Q

the sequence of community and ecosystem changes after a disturbance

A

ecological succession

93
Q

occurs where no soil exists when succession begins

A

primary succession

94
Q

occurs where soil remains after a disturbance

A

secondary succession

95
Q

three possible links between early-arriving species and late-arriving species

A

early arrivals may:

facilitate
inhibit
tolerate

the appearance of later species

96
Q

have the greatest impact on biological communities worldwide

A

human disturbance

97
Q

usually reduces species diversity

A

human disturbance

98
Q

two key factors that affect a community’s species diversity

A

latitude, area

99
Q

area with high species richness

A

tropics

100
Q

decline of species richness

A

along an equatorial-polar gradient

101
Q

two key factors in species richness in equatorial-polar gradients

A

evolutionary history, climate

102
Q

communities in these regions have started over repeatedly following glaciations

A

temperate, polar

103
Q

greater species richness may be attributed to this characteristic

A

greater age of tropical environment

104
Q

growing season is longer and biological time runs faster in these regions

A

tropical

105
Q

primary cause of the latitudinal gradient in biodiversity

A

climate

106
Q

two main climatic factors correlated with biodiversity

A

solar energy, water availability

107
Q

the evaporation of water from soil plus transpiration of water from plants

A

evapotranspiration

108
Q

solar energy and water availability can be simultaneously measured through this activity

A

evapotranspiration

109
Q

quantifies the idea that, all other factors being equal. a larger geographic area has more species

A

species-area curve

110
Q

factors affecting species richness on islands

A

island size, distance from mainland, immigration, extinction

111
Q

species richness on an ecological island levels off at a dynamic equilibrium point

A

equilibrium model of island biogeography

112
Q

examples of pathogens

A

microorganisms, viruses, viroids, prions

113
Q

can alter community structure quickly and extensively

A

pathogens

114
Q

responsible for transporting pathogens around the world at unprecedented rates

A

human activities

115
Q

needed to help study and combat pathogens

A

community ecology

116
Q

pathogens that have been transferred from other animals to humans

A

zoonotic pathogens

117
Q

many of today’s emerging human diseases are caused by these pathogens

A

zoonotic pathogens

118
Q

intermediate species that can transfer pathogens

A

vector

119
Q

methods in which pathogens can be transmitted

A

direct transmission, vector transmission

120
Q

significance of identifying the community of hosts and vectors for a pathogen

A

can help the spread of contagious diseases within a community

Biology 110 Lecture (Rubite) (3 decks)

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