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Biology 110 Lecture (Rubite) > Lesson 1 (Chapter 53, Population Ecology) > Flashcards

Lesson 1 (Chapter 53, Population Ecology) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the study of populations in relation to their environment, including environmental influences on density and distribution, age structure, and population size

A

population ecology

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2
Q

a group of individuals of a single species living in the same general area; are described by their boundaries and size

A

population

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3
Q

the number of individuals per unit area or volume

A

density

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4
Q

the pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population

A

dispersion

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5
Q

true or false: it is impractical or impossible to count all individuals in a population

A

true

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6
Q

can be used to estimate densities and total population sizes

A

sampling techniques

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7
Q

how can population size be estimated?

A

by either extrapolation from small samples, an index of population size, or the mark-recapture method

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8
Q

in which scientists capture, tag, and release a random sample of individuals (s) and capture a second sample of individuals (n) and note how many of them were already captured or marked before (x)

A

mark-recapture method

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9
Q

equation for population size (N) using mark-recapture method

A

N = (s*n)/x

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10
Q

the result of an interplay between processes that add individuals to a population and those that remove individuals

A

density

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11
Q

the influx of new individuals from other areas

A

immigration

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12
Q

the movement of individuals out of a population

A

emigration

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13
Q

what two factors add individuals to a population?

A

birth, immigration

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14
Q

what two factors remove individuals to a population?

A

death, emigration

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15
Q

factors that influence the spacing of individuals in a population

A

environmental and social factors

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16
Q

in which individuals aggregate in patches

A

clumped dispersion

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17
Q

may be influenced by resource availability and behavior

A

clumped dispersion

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18
Q

in which individuals are evenly distributed

A

uniform dispersion

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19
Q

may be influenced by social interactions such as territoriality

A

uniform dispersion

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20
Q

the defense of a bonded space against other individuals

A

territoriality

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21
Q

in which the position of each individual is independent of other individuals

A

random dispersion

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22
Q

occurs in the absence of strong attractions or repulsions

A

random dispersion

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23
Q

the study of how the vital statistics of a population and how they change over time

A

demography

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24
Q

are of particular interest to demographers

A

death rates, birth rates

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25
Q

an age-specific summary of the survival pattern of a population

A

life table

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26
Q

a group of individuals of the same age

A

cohort

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27
Q

a graphic way of representing the data in a life table

A

survivorship curve

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28
Q

can be classified into three general types

A

survivorship curve

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29
Q

low death rates during early and middle life and an increase in death rates among older age groups

A

type i curve

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30
Q

a constant death rate over the organism’s life span

A

type ii curve

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31
Q

high death rates for the young and a lower death rate for survivors

A

type iii curve

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32
Q

also known as a fertility schedule

A

reproductive table

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33
Q

an age-specific summary of the reproductive rates in a population

A

reproductive table

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34
Q

describes the reproductive patterns of a population

A

reproductive tab

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35
Q

true or false: it is useful to study population growth in an idealized situation

A

true

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36
Q

help us understand the capacity of species to increase and the conditions that may facilitate this growth

A

idealized situation

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37
Q

population growth rate

A

(births + immigrants entering population) - (deaths + emigrants leaving population)

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38
Q

occurs when the birth rate equals the death rate (r=0)

A

zero population growth

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39
Q

per capita rate of increase (r)

A

r = b - m, where b is the annua per capita birth rate, while m is the per capita death rate

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40
Q

change in population size

A

ΔN/Δt = r*N

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41
Q

instantaneous growth rate

A

dN/dT = r_inst*N, where r_inst is the instantaneous per capita rate of increase

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42
Q

population increase under idealized conditions, wherein the rate of increase is at its maximum

A

exponential growth

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43
Q

exponential growth rate

A

dN/dt = r_max*N, where r_max is the maximum rate of increase

44
Q

shape of exponential population growth curve

A

j-shaped

45
Q

true or false: exponential growth can be sustained for long in any population

A

false

46
Q

true or false: a more realistic population model limits growth by incorporating carrying capacity

A

true

47
Q

the maximum population size the environment can support

A

carrying capacity (K)

48
Q

in which the per capita rate of increase declines as carrying capacity is reached

A

logistic population growth model

49
Q

starts with the exponential model and adds an expression that reduces per capita rate of increase as N approaches K

A

logistic population growth model

50
Q

logistic population growth model formula

A

dN/dT = r_max*N((K-N)/K)

51
Q

shape of logistic population growth curve

A

s-shaped

52
Q

true or false: some populations fluctuate greatly and make it difficult to define K

A

true

53
Q

in which individuals have a more difficult time surviving or reproducing if the population size is too small

A

Allee effect

54
Q

true or false: the logistic model fits few real population models and is not useful for estimating possible growth

A

false, it is useful for estimating possible growth

55
Q

true or false: conservation biologists can use the model to estimate the critical size below which populations may become extinct

A

true

56
Q

comprises the traits that affect an organism’s schedule of reproduction and survival

A

life history

57
Q

examples of components of an organism’s life history

A

the age at which reproduction begins, how often the organism reproduces, and how many offspring are produced during each reproductive cycle

58
Q

evolutionary outcomes reflected in the development, physiology, and behavior of an organism

A

life history traits

59
Q

behavior of a species in which organisms reproduce once and die

A

semelparity or big-bang reproduction

60
Q

behavior of a species in which organisms produce offspring repeatedly

A

iteroparity or repeated reproduction

61
Q

highly variable or unpredictable environments are likely to favor this type of reproduction behavior

A

semelparity or big-bang reproduction

62
Q

dependable environments are likely to favor this type of reproduction behavior

A

iteroparity or repeated reproduction

63
Q

true or false: organisms have finite resources, which may lead to trade-offs between survival and reproduction

A

true

64
Q

true or false: the correlation between the enlarged brood size and smaller survival rate of parent kestrels is NOT an example of a trade-off

A

false

65
Q

true or false: plants that produce a large number of small seeds to ensure that some will grow and reproduce is an example of a trade-off

A

true

66
Q

true or false: plants that produce a moderate number of large seeds that contain a large store of energy is NOT an example of a trade-off

A

false

67
Q

selection for life history traits that are sensitive to population density

A

K-selection or density-dependent selection

68
Q

selection for life history traits that maximize reproduction

A

r-selection or density-independent selection

69
Q

true or false: the concepts of K-selection and r-selection are oversimplifications but have stimulated alternative hypotheses of life history evolution

A

true

70
Q

one of the two general questions about regulation of population growth

A

what environmental factors stop a population from growing indefinitely?

71
Q

one of the two general questions about regulation of population growth

A

why do some populations show radical fluctuations in size over time, while others remain stable?

72
Q

populations in which birth rate and death rate do not change with population density

A

density-independent populations

73
Q

populations in which birth rates fall and death rates rise with population density

A

density-dependent populations

74
Q

an example of negative feedback that regulates population growth

A

density-dependent birth and death rates

75
Q

any of the several factors that affect density-dependent populations

A

competition for resources, territoriality, disease, predation, toxic wastes, intrinsic factors

76
Q

effect of competition for resources in density-dependent populations

A

in crowded populations, increasing population density intensifies competition for resources and results in a lower birth rate

77
Q

effect of toxic wastes in density-dependent populations

A

accumulation of toxic wastes can contribute to density-dependent regulation of population size

78
Q

effect of predation in density-dependent populations

A

as prey population builds up, predators may feed preferentially on that species

79
Q

effect of intrinsic factors in density-dependent populations

A

for some populations, intrinsic or physiological factors appear to regulate population size

80
Q

effect of territoriality in density-dependent populations

A

in many vertebrates and some invertebrates, competition for territory may limit density

81
Q

effect of disease in density-dependent populations

A

in dense populations, pathogens can spread more rapidly

82
Q

a study that focuses on the complex interactions between biotic and abiotic factors that cause variation in population size

A

population dynamics

83
Q

true or false: long-term population studies reveal that populations of large mammals are relatively stable over time

A

false

84
Q

two factors that affect population size over time

A

weather, predator population

85
Q

population growth in which the number grows exponentially rapidly and is then followed by a period in which the population falls back to a minimal level

A

boom-and-bust cycle

86
Q

groups of populations linked by immigration and emigration

A

metapopulations

87
Q

true or false: high levels of immigration combined with higher survival can result in greater stability in populations

A

true

88
Q

true or false: some populations such as of humans can grow indefinitely

A

false

89
Q

year when the human population stopped increasing slowly and began to grow exponentially

A

1650

90
Q

two configurations in which a regional population can exist while maintaining stability

A

high birth rate, high death rate; or

91
Q

move from the first state to the second state

A

demographic transition

92
Q

associated with an increase in the quality of health care and improved access to education, especially for women

A

demographic transition

93
Q

true or false: most of the current global population growth is concentrated in developing countries

A

true

94
Q

the relative number of individuals at each stage

A

age structure

95
Q

one important demographic factor in present and future growth trends

A

age structure

96
Q

can predict a population’s growth trends

A

age structure diagrams

97
Q

can illuminate social conditions and help us plan for the future

A

age structure diagrams

98
Q

true or false: infant mortality and life expectancy vary greatly among developed and developing countries

A

true

99
Q

true or false: infant mortality and life expectancy capture the wide range of the human condition

A

false

100
Q

how many humans can the biosphere support

A

7.8 billion - 10.8 billion in 2050

101
Q

true or false: the carrying capacity of Earth for humans is uncertain

A

true

102
Q

average estimate of carrying capacity

A

10 billion - 15 billion

103
Q

summarizes the aggregate land and water area needed to sustain the people of a nation

A

ecological footprint

104
Q

one measure of how close we are to the carrying capacity of Earth

A

ecological footprint

105
Q

true or false: countries vary greatly in footprint size and available ecological capacity

A

true

106
Q

factors that could potentially the carrying capacity of humans

A

food, space, nonrenewable resources, buildup of wastes

107
Q

difference of humans from other organisms

A

we can regulate our population growth through social changes

Biology 110 Lecture (Rubite) (3 decks)

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