Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Integumentary > Lesson 2/Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Lesson 2/Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Nutrients for homeostasis, repair and regeneration:

A

water, protein, carbs, fats, vitamins, minerals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Dehydration:

A

1% decrease in body weight due to fluid loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Patients on air-fluidized beds require:

A

40-60mL of water/kg BW daily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When would a patient need a dietician referral?

A

swallowing difficulties, fluid restrictions, NPO more than a few days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Average amount of water per kg of body weight?

A

30–35 mL

  1. 7–3.7 l/day average
  2. 5L/day minimum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is protein required for?

A 
Collagen synthesis
Granulation tissue formation
Angiogenesis
Remodeling
Immune function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does a protein deficiency alter?

A

osmotic pressure, causing edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What percentage of protein is nitrogen?

A

16%

Positive nitrogen balance needed to enhance wound healing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How much of protein is need daily?

A

1.25–1.5 g protein/kg BW daily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Marasmus

A

protein deficiency though deprivation or impaired absorption, significant weight loss, caused by CA & COPD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Kwashiorkor

A

decreased albumin causes swelling, spares muscle, decreased immunity, infection, skin breakdown and pressure ulcers common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Marasmus Kwashiorkor-

A

combined- high risk of mortality & morbidity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Amount of protein needed for tissue repair?

A

½ body weight in pounds or 1.25-1.5g/kg of body weight for stage III & IV ulcers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Specific amino acids:

A

glutamine
arginine
hydroxy-methylbutyrate (HMB)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Glutamine

A

most abundant (20%) fuel source for small cells, primary fuel source for lymphocyte proliferation, precursor for nucleotide production in fibroblasts and macrophages, stimulates inflammatory response in wound healing, levels fall in plasma and muscle after trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Arginine

A

semi-essential amino acid, decreased production in times of stress and injury, primary component in wound healing, increases collagen deposition, fibroblastic activity, and immune function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Hydroxy-methylbutyrate (HMB)

A

helps support immune function, helps decrease muscle breakdown, need to give with arginine & glutamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Primarily in the form of glucose
Provide energy for tissue repair and regeneration
Protein-sparing effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Carbs in BW daily?

A

30-35kcal/kg

20-30% of total calories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What do fats do?

A

Provide a needed energy source when carbohydrates have been depleted
Carry fat-soluble vitamins
Assist with thermoregulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What do free fatty acids do?

A

Vital components of cell membranes

Required for synthesis of new cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does too much fat cause?

A

immunosuppression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What do fat deficiencies cause?

A

decreased production of phospholipids which are part of the basement membrane and decrease prostaglandin production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does omega-3 have in it?

A

anti-inflammatory effect, inhibit PDFG, IL-1 & TNF-alpha, may weaken wounds by impairing cross-links and collagen alignment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins

A

A,E,K

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Water-soluble vitamins

A

C

B-complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Vitamin A (retinol)

A

Maintains healthy skin and mucous membranes
Required for collagen synthesis, promotes granulation tissue formation, and facilitates epithelialization
May reverse inhibitory effects of corticosteroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What can Vitamin A increase?

A

wound tensile strength
Increases inflammatory response
Increases EGF-(epidermal growth factor) increases collagen synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

A

Builds and maintains tissues
Helps body absorb iron
May help control infections and limit damaging effects of free radicals
May enhance wound healing in malnourished patients and patients with pressure ulcers
Pretreatment of irradiated skin with Vitamin C may limit skin damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is vitamin C essential for?

A

collagen synthesis

deficiency delays would healing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

RDA of vitamin C

A

60mg/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Vitamin K

A

Fat-soluble vitamin
Essential for blood clotting
Deficiency may lengthen the inflammatory phase
If on anticoagulant, do not supplement without MD clearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

B-Complex Vitamins

A

Group of eight vitamins
Required for normal immune function and energy metabolism
Aid in white blood cell function, antibody formation, and resistance to infection
Facilitates fibroblast function, collagen synthesis
Important co-enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Vitamin B6

A

for protein and hemoglobin synthesis. Rec-.4mg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Vitamin B12:

A

Prevents anemia. Rec- 2mg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Vitamin E

A

Helps prevent free radical–related cellular damage
Decreases inflammatory phase of wound healing
Enhances immune function
Decreases platelet adhesion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What can vitamin E adversely affect?

A

wound healing and decrease collagen production, may weaken wounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Microminerals:

A

iron
zinc
copper
magnesium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Macrominerals

A

calcium
phosphorus
selenium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

How much zinc does the skin contain?

A

Skin contains 20% of the body’s zinc stores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is zinc vital for?

A

Vital to collagen and protein synthesis, cell proliferation, epithelialization, and normal immune function
An antioxidant

42
Q

What does a zinc deficiency cause?

A

abnormal function of lymphocytes, increased susceptibility to infection and delayed wound healing

43
Q

Iron

A

Component of hemoglobin
Required for antibody production and normal immune functioning
Cofactor in many enzyme systems
Required for collagen and DNA synthesis
Necessary for formation of red blood cells
Transports oxygen to healing tissues

44
Q

What can anemia lead to?

A

tissue hypoxia, decreased immune function, decreased cell replication, and decreased wound tensile strength

45
Q

What is iron co-factor required for?

A

conversion of hydroxproline to proline in collagen maturation

46
Q

What doe copper do?

A

Required for hemoglobin synthesis and iron absorption/transport
Increases strength of collagen cross-links
Aids in Collagen formation
Helps form RBC’s

47
Q

What does a copper deficiency lead to?

A

poor wound healing and decreased immune function

48
Q

Copper and Vitamin C relationship?

A

Works with vitamin C to form elastin

49
Q

Recommended dosage of copper?

A

Rec-1.5-3mg

50
Q

Magnesium:

A

Cofactor in over 300 enzyme systems
Important for bone/protein synthesis
Inadequate stores lead to hypertension and vasoconstriction

51
Q

Who is a magnesium deficit found in?

A

often found in patients with diabetes, alcoholism, chronic diarrhea, or dehydration

52
Q

Calcium:

A 
Bone formation, remodeling
Muscle contraction
Fibrin synthesis
Important for blood clotting
Neurotransmitter
53
Q

Phosphorous

A

Bone formation
Needed for normal metabolism
Essential component of many enzyme systems

54
Q

What does selenium do?

A

Assists with normal immune function

Required to make up to 30 proteins

55
Q

What is folic acid necessary for?

A

RBC production

56
Q

What is thiamin necessary for?

A

to obtain energy from food. Rec - 2

57
Q

What does a nutritional screening entail?

A

patient characteristics
recent dietary hx
wound characteristics
patient comorbidities

58
Q

BMI less than 16

A

underweight

severe protein-energy malnutrition

59
Q

BMI 16-16.9

A

underweight

moderate protein-energy malnutrition

60
Q

BMI 17-18.4

A

underweight

mild protein-energy malnutrition

61
Q

BMI 18.5-24.9

A

normal

62
Q

BMI 25-29.9

A

overweight

63
Q

BMI 30-34.9

A

Obese

Class I

64
Q

BMI 35-39.9

A

Obese

Class II

65
Q

BMI greater than 40

A

Obese

Class III

66
Q

Clinical manifestation of water deficiency:

A 
dry skin, hair and mucous membranes
poor skin turgor
increased HR and respirations
orthostatic hypotension
confusion
sunken eyeballs
67
Q

Clinical manifestation of protein deficiency:

A

dull, dry hair
pallor
peripheral edema
pressure ulcers, especially multiple or repeat ulcerations

68
Q

Clinical manifestation of carbs/energy deficiency:

A

decline in body weight
pallor
extremely poor denition

69
Q

Clinical manifestation of fats deficiency:

A

emaciated
epidermal flaking
fissuring of the skin
large flakes of dandruff

70
Q

Clinical manifestation of Vitamin A deficiency:

A 
night blindness
difficulty adapting to changes in light intensity
scleral changes and dry eyes
gingivitis
pigment changes
dry skin
71
Q

Clinical manifestation of Vitamin C deficiency:

A

swollen gums that bleed readily
transparent skin quality
weakness
delayed wound healing

72
Q

Clinical manifestation of Vitamin K deficiency:

A

petechiae

wound bleeds readily

73
Q

Clinical manifestation of B complex vitamins deficiency:

A 
pallar
pale eye membranes
hyperpigmentation
redness or swelling of the mouth
mouth sores
purple discoloration tongue w/loss of villi
confusion
muscle cramps
anemia
74
Q

Clinical manifestation of zinc deficiency:

A

decreased sense of taste
dull, dry or thinning hair
seborrhea-like dryness and redness of the face

75
Q

Clinical manifestation of iron deficiency:

A 
pallor
yellow discoloration of the skin
soft, spoon-shaped nails
easily fatigued
dyspnea
anemia
76
Q

Clinical manifestation of copper deficiency:

A

thinning of hair

may have pigmentation changes

77
Q

Clinical manifestation of magnesium deficiency:

A

dehydration
neuromuscular hyperexcitability
confusion

78
Q

Clinical manifestation of calcium deficiency:

A 
acute: neuromuscular hyperexcitability, dyrhythmias
skeletal deformities
bone pain
dry scaling skin and hair
brittle nails
79
Q

Clinical manifestation of phosphorus deficiency:

A

skeletal deformities
bone pain
idiopathic fractures

80
Q

Clinical manifestation of selenium deficiency:

A

muscle pain/wasting

decreased ability to fight infection

81
Q

Creatine

A

Measure of kidney function and protein status
Malnutrition decreases creatine levels
Normal levels are 0.8–1.5 mg/dL

82
Q

Serum Albumin

A

Plasma protein produced by liver

Normal levels are at least 3.5 mg/dL

83
Q

What do low levels of serum albumin correlate with?

A

pressure ulcer severity
Decreased levels lead to edema
Dehydration will increase levels

84
Q

How long does it take to determine effectiveness of albumin?

A

21 days

85
Q

Prealbumin

A

Major transport protein
Normal values 16–40 mg/dL
Mortality risk increases as levels drop

86
Q

How soon is a pre-albumin change observable?

A

observable in 42-78 hours. Not affected by hydration. Affected by renal failure. Pre-albumin < 17 mg/dL = malnutrition

87
Q

Serum Transferrin

A

Sensitive indicator of protein status

Levels less than 170 mg/dL indicate malnutrition

88
Q

C-reactive protien-CRP-

A

associated with systemic inflammation

89
Q

Serum Cholesterol

A

< 160mg/dL with poor intake and weight loss- at risk for pressure ulcers

90
Q

Hemoglobin

A

< 12mg/dL and hematocrit < 33% = anemia/pressure ulcer risk

91
Q

Serum Osmolality

A

> 29 mOsm/L

92
Q

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)

A

Urea is a by-product of protein metabolism and
is excreted by the kidney
Indicator of renal function
Normal levels are 5–25 mg/dL
Elevated levels are associated with decreased
wound healing

93
Q

BUN/Creatinine ratio

A

> 10-:1-skin tugor, urine output, and weight fluctuation indicators of dehydration

94
Q

Total Lymphocyte Count (TLC)

A

Indirect measure of nutritional status and immune function

TLC is a marker for HIV

95
Q

Normal TLC count:

A

3000-3500 cells/ l

96
Q

What are elevated TLC levels associated with?

A

infection, leukemia

97
Q

What are decreased TLC levels associated with?

A

associated with delayed wound healing and increased mortality
<1500- immunocompromised
<1200- protein deficiency
Severe- < 900

98
Q

Increased blood glucose levels are associated with?

A

associated with risk of ulceration and impaired wound healing
>180 neutrophils cannot chemotax to infection,
>200 affects neutrophils ability to carryout oxidative bursts with phagosomes

99
Q

Main causes of malnutrition:

A

Lack of knowledge, poverty, health problems

100
Q

Proper nutritional guidelines

A

30–35 calories/kg BW

1.25–1.5 g protein/kg BW

101
Q

Changes in body weight:

A

1% decrease in a week
5% decrease in a month
7.5% in 3 months
10% in 6 months

Integumentary (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions