Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cytogenetics > Lesson 2 : Cell Division and Cell Death > Flashcards

Lesson 2 : Cell Division and Cell Death Flashcards

1
Q

What is Cell Division

A

Reproduction of 2 daughter cells from a single parent cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are Somatic Cells

A
  • Non-sex cells that have 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans.​
  • 2 copies of genome.​
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is Mitosis

A
  • Provides new cells by forming the cells form one.​
  • They occur in somatic cells (body cells)​
  • From of 2 daughter cells from a single parent.​
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Series of events or a sequence of activities as the cell prepares for cell division and then divide

A

Cell Cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is Aptosis

A
  • Form of cell death which is normal in growth and development.​
  • Precise genetically sequence of events like mitosis.
  • Death due to natural causes like underwent cell division and becoming worn out. happens also due to old age of the cell.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

G1 (Growth 1)​

A
  • Growth stage of interphase​
  • Cells grow to its full size​
  • Performs many biochemical functions that aid the organism.​
  • First gap or first stage.
  • Little change is visible.
  • Cells are quite active at the biochemical level.
  • Accumulating building blocks of chromosomal DNA and associated proteins, energy reserves to complete the task of replicating each chromosome in the nucleus.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is Interphase

A
  • Phase where in division has not yet occurred.
  • Undergo normal processes while preparing for cell division.
  • A phase where many internal and external conditions must be met.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

G0 (Gap 0)​

A
  • Quiet stage​
  • Cell divides if it continues to synthesis or undergo cell death or cell differentiation.​
  • Not included in stages of interphase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

the apparatus that orchestrate the movement of chromosomes during mitosis

A

Centrosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

S (Synthesis)

A
  • Important because it is where nucleus replicates.​
  • DNA Replication results in formation of 2 identical copies of each Chromosome which we call sister chromatids.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

these are firmly attached at the centromere region

A

Sister chromatids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Prometaphase

A
  • Chromosomes continue to condense.
  • Kinetochores appear at the centromeres.
  • Mitotic spindle microtubules attached in kinetochores.
  • Centrosomes move toward opposite poles.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Two centrosome will give rise to ____________

A

mitotic spindle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

consist of rod-like centrioles at right angles to each other

A

Centrosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Metaphase

A
  • Aligning of chromosomes
  • Lining up at the metaphase plate.
  • Each sister chromatid attaches to the spindle fibers originating from opposite poles.
  • Mitotic spindle is fully developed, centrosome poles move at opposite ends/poles ng cells
  • Chromosomes are lined up at the metaphase plate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Prophase

A
  • First stage of mitosis​
  • Nucleolus disappears​
  • Where chromatin will condense into chromosomes​
  • Centrioles will move to opposite ends.​
  • Nuclear membrane breakdown happens in Prometaphase.
  • Spindle fibers emerge from the centrosomes.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

G2 (Growth 2)

A
  • Completed mitosis/ growth stage is completed.
  • The cell replenishes its energy stores and synthesizes proteins necessary for chromosome manipulation.
  • Some cell organelles are duplicated and cytoskeleton are dismantled to provide resources to mitotic spindle fibers.
  • Final preparations before undergoing cell division.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Stages of Mitosis

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

help in cell division, but are not present in centrosomes of eukaryotic organisms such as plants and most fungi, but found in animals and humans

A

Centrioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Anaphase

A

Chromosomes start to separate.binding sister

13
Q

chromatids together breakdown.

A

Cohesin proteins

13
Q

How many daughter cells does Meiosis have

A

4 daughter cells​

13
Q

Sister chromatids now called __________________ are pulled toward opposite poles.

A

chromosomes

14
Q

Cytokinesis

A
  • The organelles in the cell have been replicated and are now divided into 2 halves of the cell.
  • The nuclear membrane is now fully developed.
14
Q

Process where cell is compressed by a _________________ that divides the cell in nearly equally halves.​

A

contractile rim

14
Q

There will be a ____________ ___________ that separates the daughter cells.

A

cleavage furrow

14
Q

Telophase

A
  • Nuclear membrane starts to reappear.​
  • Cytoplasm divides to form 2 cells.
  • They are now or already arriving at the opposite poles and they begin to decondense.
  • Nuclear envelope material surrounds each set of chromosomes.
  • Mitotic spindle fibers break down.
  • The broken down nuclear membrane starts to reappear at telophase, but is not that prominent or fully developed.
15
Q

sex cells; germline cells; haploid (1 copy of each type of chromosome)

A

Gametes

16
Q

What is Meiosis

A

Cell division that halves the number of chromosomes to form haploid gametes.​

17
Q

Cell division I (Division Reduction)​

Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I

A
  • thickening of chromatin
  • alignment of chromosomes​
  • chromosomes are reduced to 23​
18
Q

Cell division II​

Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II
Result:

A
  • each daughter cells have 23 chromosomes.
  • alignment of chromosomes​
  • 46 chromosomes
  • 23 chromosomes
  • Haploid cells (4 daughter cells)
19
Q

Stem Cells Divides by mitosis to yield:​

A
  1. Either two daughter cells that are stem cells like itself (Hematopoietic stem cell).​
  2. Stem cell​
  3. Partially Specialized Progenitor Cell
20
Q

________________ is the characteristic that makes a stem cell a stem cell.

A

Self-renewal

21
Q

Inner cell mass of very early embryo; somatic cell nuclear transfer into egg cell

A

Embryonic stem cell

22
Q

Genes or other chemicals reprogram somatic cells nucleus; no embryos required

A

Induced pluripotent stem cell

23
Q

Somatic cells that normally function as stem cells, from any stage of development from fertilized ovum through elderly

A

“Adult” stem cell

24
Q

Four Basic Applications of Stem Cells

A
  1. Drug discovery and development​
  2. Observe the earliest sign of disease
  3. Creates tissues and organs for implants, transplants, or infusions into the bloodstream.​
    4.Through the Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell or iPS cells
25
Q

what is cloning

A

creates a genetic replica of an individual

26
Q

Reasons why cloning cannot produce an exact replica of a person

A
  • premature cellular aging
  • altered gene expression
  • more mutations
  • x-inactivation
  • mitochondrial DNA
27
Q

Used for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction

A

Mitosis

28
Q

Used for sexual reproduction, producing new gene combinations

A

Meiosis

29
Q

In humans, completes after sexual maturity

A

Meiosis

30
Q

Chromosome number of daughter cells half that of parent cell (1n)

A

Meiosis

31
Q

Daughter cells genetically different

A

Meiosis

32
Q

How many daughter cells does mitosis have

A

2 daughter cells per cycle

33
Q

Daughter cells genetically identical

A

Mitosis

34
Q

Chromosomes number of daughter cells same as that or parent cell (2n)

A

Mitosis

35
Q

Mitosis occurs in ___________

A

somatic cells

36
Q

Occurs throughout life cycle

A

Mitosis

Cytogenetics (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions