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Life and Works of Rizal > Lesson 2 - 19th Century Philippines in Rizal’s Context > Flashcards

Lesson 2 - 19th Century Philippines in Rizal’s Context Flashcards

1
Q

People’s personalities are developed through the _________ and ____________ of their environments.

A

experiences, influences

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2
Q

Rizal’s environment was his country struggling for ___________ from the _________.

A

independence, Spaniards

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3
Q

During the 19th Century, the ______________________ of the Philippines was shifting.

A

social, economic, and political landscape

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4
Q

19th Century was deemed as the _________________ as it marked the transition from traditional ways of life to a modern one—new ideas, attitudes, and institutions.

A

“Birth of Modernity”

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5
Q

What weakened Spain during the transition from traditional ways to modernity?

A

revolutions

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6
Q

Ideologies and systems before the 19th century

A

Monarchy, Feudalism, Passively-Accepting

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7
Q

Ideologies and systems during the 19th century

A

Democracy, Capitalism, Reform Minded

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8
Q

It was during the ______________. Production, transportation, and communication systems were being developed.

A

Industrial Revolution

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9
Q

There became a shift from manual labor to machine-based production. It resulted in __________.

A

urbanization

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10
Q

A philosophical movement during the late 18th and early 19th century.

A

Enlightenment

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11
Q

Enlightenment valued __________________.

A

reason, rationality, and
individualism

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12
Q

Enlightenment resulted in __________________ happening all over the world.

A

Political Revolutions

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13
Q

Ignited the yearn for new
governance which valued
individual rights, nationalism, and
freedom.

A

Enlightenment

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14
Q

The Colonial Government was headed by the King of Spain and it was divided into two branches:

A

the Executive branch and the Judicial branch

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15
Q

The Executive Branch was headed by the ____________ to represent the King in any state and religious matters.

A

Governor General

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16
Q

Who appoints the Governor General?

A

King of Spain

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17
Q

The Governor General has authority in financial matters
until ______.

A

1784

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18
Q

Which branch is responsible for all government and religious activities?

A

Executive branch

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19
Q

What composes the Judicial branch?

A
  1. Royal Audencia
  2. Residencia
  3. Visita
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20
Q

Who is the advisor of the Governor-General?

A

Royal Audencia

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21
Q

checks and reports the abuses of the Governor-General

A

Royal Audencia

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22
Q

Who investigates the performance of Governor-General?

A

Residencia

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23
Q

Who observes the conditions in the colony?

A

Visita

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24
Q

The Colonial Government is separated into _______, governing the _______________ of all regions.

A

three; province, city, and municipality

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25
Q

provincial government

A

Alcadias

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26
Q

The provincial government (Alcadias) is led by the ____________ which represents the King and the Governor-General.

A

Alcalde Mayor

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27
Q

city government

A

Ayutamiento

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28
Q

What is the center off trade and industry?

A

City Government / Ayutamiento

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29
Q

The City Government (Ayutamiento) is led by two __________________.

A

Alcaldes en Ordinario (Mayor and Vice Mayor)

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30
Q

Divided into several towns or pueblos.

A

Municipal Government

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31
Q

The Municipal Government is led by _____________ who is the chief executive or chief justice in town.

A

Gobernadorcillos

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32
Q

What are the four lieutenants that aid the Gobernadorcillo?

A
  1. Teniente Mayor
  2. Teniente de Policia
  3. Teniente de Sementeras
  4. Teniente de Ganados
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33
Q

Assistant of the Gobernadorcillo

A

Teniente Mayor

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34
Q

Assigned with tax collection and governance by the Governadorcillo

A

Teniente de Policia

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35
Q

Assigned with the management of agriculture by the Governadorcillo

A

Teniente de Sementeras

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36
Q

Assigned with the management of livestock and poultry by the Gobernadorcillo

A

Teniente de Ganados

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37
Q

Smallest unit of government

A

Barangay or Barrio

38
Q

Barangays or barrios are led by the ___________ to maintain peace and order.

A

Guardia Civil

39
Q

Throughout the Spanish Regime, _________ was used as a justification of their malicious actions towards the Filipinos.

40
Q

The court of justice during Rizal’s time was heavily _______. Spanish fiscals and court officials were __________ of the law and only sided with the _____________.

A

corrupt, ignorant, Spanish and the rich

41
Q

Local indigenous populations were forbidden to organize __________ and conduct ______________.

A

assemblies, political meetings

42
Q

Merits were based on _____________.

A

wealth, race, and connections

43
Q

The Spanish government system was ___________. They enforced strict ___________ that denied Filipinos their ______________.

A

authoritarian, racial hierarchies, rights and freedom

44
Q

The ________ worked hand in hand with the State as they controlled and manipulated the masses to comply with the law.

45
Q

_________ were imposed upon the Filipinos but were not used to develop the province but rather were pocketed by _____________.

A

high taxes, corrupted officials

46
Q

In _____, liberalism rose in Spain after the Spanish Revolution overthrew ____________.

A

1868, Queen Isabela II

47
Q

___________________ was appointed as the Governor-General of the Philippines; he was a true democrat and even walked around unescorted and in civilian clothing.

A

Carlos Maria Dela Torre

48
Q

Dela Torre’s accomplishments

A
  1. freedom of speech
  2. abolishment of flogging
  3. curtailed the tribute (forced donations) and the polo y servicio (free labor)
  4. assigned vacant parishes and seminaries with secular priests
  5. created an office which prevented members of the Church from acts of abuse
  6. reformed the Royal Audiencia
  7. ordered educational reforms
  8. created the Council of the Philippines
49
Q

Monarchy was restored in Spain as ______________ was enthroned.

A

Prince Amadeo of Savoy

50
Q

Who replaced Carlos Maria Dela Torre as Governor-General?

A

Rafael de Izquierdo

51
Q

Rafael de Izquierdo’s deeds

A
  1. restored press censorship
  2. prohibited political talks and Church secularization
  3. disapproved of the arts and trades rising in Manila
  4. dismissed natives and mestizos in civil and military service
  5. abolished exemption from polo y servicio and tribute
52
Q

Cavite Mutiny: _____ Filipinos revolted in _____________ due to the abolition of polo and tribute exemption.

A

200, Fort San Felipe

53
Q

Which three priests are included in GOMBURZA?

A

Mariano Gómes, José Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora

54
Q

What was GOMBURZA charged with?

A

sedition and rebellion and incriminated as masterminds of the Cavite Mutiny

55
Q

False testimony by a former Bicolano soldier, ____________, bribed by Spanish prosecutors lead to the incrimination.

A

Francisco Zaldua

56
Q

What was GOMURZA sentenced with?

A

death by garrote

57
Q

____________ were flourishing because of revolutions happening in Spain at the time.

A

Britain and France

58
Q

Nations became ______________ and preferred direct trade. The demand for goods from the Philippines ___________. Spain’s economic condition at the time weakened as the Galleon system was ___________. It eventually ended in the _____________ of the century.

A

self-sufficient, declined, exhausted, first decade

59
Q

The silver mines of Spain’s colonies in South America ____________.

A

diminished

60
Q

The War for ____________ in Mexico took place.

A

Independence

61
Q

Through ______________, the Philippines became a supplier of raw materials to the West.

A

cash crop agriculture

62
Q

_______________ companies invested in the Philippines for large-scale productions.

A

British, Dutch, and American

63
Q

___________________ transacted with the said countries as the middlemen. They helped in land acquisition, mobilization of labor, crop transportation, and retail trade.

A

Chinese, Mestizos, and rich Natives

64
Q

Travel from the Philippines to Europe shortened from _______ to just _________ as the ___________ opened.

A

3 months, 40 days, Suez Canal

65
Q

One of the families that became wealthy through the transactions with Europe—whose patriarch (Domingo Lam-Co) is Chinese.

A

Mercado Family

66
Q

When Rizal’s father moved to Calamba, their family’s land was __________ big. Their family was one of the most affluent families in Calamba. Rizal’s mother also came from an affluent family.

A

390 hectares

67
Q

Education was a status symbol. It was only attained by the ____ and the ________.

A

rich, Spanish

68
Q

Spanish racial heirarchy

A
  1. Peninsulares
  2. Insulares/Creoles
  3. Mestizos/Tisoy
  4. Native Filipinos/Indios
69
Q

Pure-blooded Spaniards born in Spain. They were the officials and the friars.

A

Peninsulares

70
Q

Pure-blooded Spaniards born in the Philippines.

A

Insulares/Creoles

71
Q

Mixed blooded people—a mix of native Filipino and any other foreign blood.

A

Mestizos/Tisoy

72
Q

mixed Chinese and Filipino blood

A

Mestizo de Sangley

73
Q

mixed Spanish and Filipino blood

A

Mestizo de Español

74
Q

mixed Spanish, Chinese, and Filipino blood

75
Q

Pure-blooded and poor Filipinos. Native indigenous people.

A

Native Filipinos/Indios

76
Q

Filipinos were treated as ______________ and with discrimination. Hence—the Spanish denied them the access and right to __________.

A

second-class citizens, education

77
Q

The Filipinos that studied in the West, including Rizal, were exposed to ________________. This inspired them to form the __________.

A

secular and liberal ideas, Ilustrados

78
Q

Means “erudite”, “learned”, or “enlightened ones”.

A

Ilustrados

79
Q

Ilustrados were exposed to _________________________ ideas.

A

European Nationalists and Spanish liberal

80
Q

Educated Filipinos that sought freedom and independence from the Spaniards.

A

Ilustrados

81
Q

Goal of the Ilustrados

A

to be treated at the same level as Spaniards

82
Q

Nationalism emerged in the Philippines from the cultural development which resulted from the _________________.

A

rapid spread of education

83
Q

The spread of higher education to the middle and lower-middle classes, despite not going abroad, was essential in the development of __________________ ideas.

A

liberal and progressive

84
Q

It required to change the education system. Instead of being solely based on religion, it needed to be focused on teaching skilled labor.

A

Industrial Revolution

85
Q

Attempt of the Spanish Colonial Government to mandate that each town must have at least 1 primary school for boys and girls. This marked the beginning of formal education among middle and lower class Filipinos. However, due to the lack of resources and qualified teachers, the development of the national identity of the Filipinos was hindered. Nevertheless, it became the foundation of the development of a formal education system in the Philippines.

A

Educational Decree of 1863

86
Q

As they went back to the Philippines, they brought new ideas and methods for the educational system. Literature, Science, Philosophy, and Natural Science were given emphasis. This emerged the idea of nationalism.

A

The Return of the Jesuits

87
Q

By _____, the ratio of literate people was higher in the Philippines than Spain and the number of children attending school was higher than European Standards.

88
Q

What was Rizal’s motivation?

A

the wrongdoings and prejudice of the Spanish regime

89
Q

The Ilustrados saw ______ as the hindrance to the progression of the Philippines.

90
Q

The overthrowing of other ___________ in other nations motivated Rizal and the Filipinos to do the same.

A

colonial masters

Life and Works of Rizal (5 decks)

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