LESSON 2 Flashcards
Abnormality is caused by a single factor
One dimensional model
certain behavior or disorder have multiple possible causes
Ex. depression can be caused by genetics, trauma, learned helplessness
Principle of Equifinality
____ have effect in the statistics of psychopathology (Bulimia nervosa occurs almost
entirely in young women since the pressures for men to be
thin are less apparent)
Gender roles
Fright disorders sometimes are caused by ____ and ___(e.g., __- fright disorder in Latin America wherein an individual believes that he or she has become the
object of black magic, or witchcraft)
Culture and society
susto
momentarily emotional tone that accompanies what we say and what we do
observable expression (party, laughing)
Affect
- it occurs in a more persistent period of time
Mood
subjective feeling in response to a certain event and lasts within a short duration
Emotion
have a direct and dramatic impact on one’s functioning and play a central role in many
mental disorders (i.e., mood, a persistent period of
is often evident in psychological disorders)
Emotions
Occurs when people are exposed to a danger in which they will experience a
surge of adrenaline to either fight the threat or escape from it
Fight-or-fight response
refers to UNOBSERVABLE feelings
and cognitions obtained from individual’s self-report or behavior: Stroop color naming
paradigm is one of the methods which can reveal one’s black box (unconscious)
Black box
People clearly act on the basis of things that occurred in the past but do not remember
those events
natutunan ng body (ex. riding a bike even if you dont ride anymore)
Implicit memory
People sometimes process, store and act on information even without the slightest
awareness about it (e.g., blind sight or unconscious vision)
Unconscious
❏ Believed to be linked in dissociative disorders
Unconscious
People are highly prepared of learning certain objects, things and events due to
evolution
Prepared learning
❏ Believed to contribute to the higher cases of phobias in certain animals compared to
non-threatening things
Prepared learning
People can learn a behavior by just observing what happens to someone else
on a given situation
❏ Much of what we know depends on our interactions with others
Social learning
Proposed by Albert Bandura
Social learning
- Proposed by ___
People develop better psychological and physical functioning if they portray an optimistic attitude despite
considerable amount of stress
Martin seligman
Learned optimism
- Coined by Martin seligman
People become depressed if they “think” or “decide” that they can do little about
the stress after learning that their behavior has no effect in the environment
Learned helplessness
❏ A way of learning through pairing and associating two things or events
❏ Linked to some abnormal behavior and
psychological disorders
Conditioning
Field of study that deals with how we acquire and process information and how we store
and ultimately retrieve it
❏ There has been enormous progress in terms of
viewing and understanding psychopathology
in the lens of behavioral and cognitive science
Cognitive science
Mental disorders cannot be attributed to a single
part of the nervous system.
❏ Brain structure and neural processes provide tendency for behavior, but behavior as well as various psychosocial influences can alter
biological components.
Biological influences
acts as a SWITCH to other
neurotransmitters and related to PLEASURE seeking behavior
Dopamine
regulates behavioral tendencies as well as bodily functions
during fight-or-flight responses
Norepinephrine
regulates mood, behavior and
thought processes
Serotonin
inhibits and regulates neural activity
GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid)
turns on many different neurons
Glutamate
process where neurotransmitters
return back to the neuron where they came from
Reuptake
drugs that perform the
opposite function of the neurotransmitter
Inverse agonist
drugs that reduce/block
activity
Antagonist
drugs that increase activity
Agonist
system involved in some
psychological disorders and is responsible in AROUSAL and STRESS
(HPA Axis) Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis
switches off the sympathetic nervous system.
Parasympathetic nervous system
responsible for mobilizing body during stress or dange
controls involuntary (often referred as Flight or fight system)
Sympathetic nervous system
regulates cardiovascular
and endocrine system as well as digestion and body temperature
Autonomic nervous system
controls voluntary
movements
Somatic nervous system
higher cognitive functions
such as thinking and reasoning, planning for the future, as well as long-term memory
Prefrontal cortex
planning of movements,
memory and some aspects of emotion
Frontal lobe
integrating visual inputs
Occipital lobe
recognizing touch and
monitoring body positioning
Parietal lobe
recognizing sights and sounds
with long-term memory storage
Temporal lobe
perception and creation of images
Right hemisphere
verbal and other cognitive processes
Left hemisphere
mainly responsible for complex process such as planning and reasoning
Cerebral cortex
controls motor activity
Basal ganglia
regulates emotional experiences, expressions, impulses and involves basic drives; includes such structures as the hippocampus (sea
horse), cingulate gyrus (girdle), septum (partition),
and amygdala (almond)
Limbic system
regulate behavior and emotions as well as bridge the transmission of forebrain and brainstem
Thalamus and hypothalamus
responsible for higher and complex mental processes
Forebrain
responsible for higher and complex mental processes
Forebrain
sensory input and contains parts of reticular activating system (arousal and
tension)
Midbrain
regulates many automatic
activities such as breathing, heartbeat, digestion and motor coordination (only for
cerebellum)
Hindbrain
Consists the brain and the spinal cord.
❏ Facilitates the sending of messages to and
from the brain
Central nervous system
regulates the neural
activities
Glia (glial cells)
biochemicals that are
released when a message is being passed
Neurotransmitter
___ nerve cells
➢ ___ – receives messages
➢ ___ – transmits message
❏ ___ – distance between
neurons
Neuron
Dendrite
Axon
Synaptic cleft
field of study about the
relation of the nervous system to psychological and cognitive aspects
Neuroscience
(reciprocal gene-environment) – people have a genetically determined tendency to create the very environmental risk
factors that trigger a genetic vulnerability
Gene-environmental correlation model
Individuals with 2 copies of ___ allele tend to cope with stress better than those who
have __ allele
Long
Short
we all have the inherited tendency/vulnerability (diathesis) to have mental disorders, but only those
who will experience a certain level of stress will have it
Diathesis-stress model
– a trait that is influenced by
NUMEROUS GENES (e.g., IQ)
Polygenic
has weak influence over
a trait
Recessive allele
provides strong influence
to a particular trait
Dominant allele
complete set of genes
Genome
Humans have __pairs of chromosomes, __
of which are somatic while the last pair is called __ chromosomes (XX for females
and XY for males)
23
22
Sex
specific variants of genes
Alleles
molecules of DNA in the
chromosomes that determine our boundaries;
Genes
Mental disorders are caused by multiple factors that are dependent to each other
Multidimensional model
