Lesson #2 Flashcards by Nicole Eirylle Navarro

microorganism invades the body, multiplies, and causes injury or disease

infection

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microorganism that cause disease

pathogens

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nonpathogenic microorganism on our skin and in other areas (GIT)

normal flora

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an infection affecting only oe area of the body

local infection

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an infection affecting the entire body

systemic infection

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infection from one’s own flora

autogenous infection

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infection that spread from person to person

communicable infection

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infection that is acquired in hospitals or other healthcare facilities

nosocomial infection

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microorganisms develop resistant to specific antibiotics

antibiotic-resistant infection

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pathogenic microorganisms resistant to several drugs

Multidrug resistant organism

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a continuous link in the transmission of harmful organisms between a source and the susceptible host

Chain of infection

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Chain of Infection

bacteria, fungus, protozoon, rickettsia, virus

Infectious Agent

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Chain of Infection

animal, human, equipmnet, food, soil, water

reservoir

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Chain of Infection

blood, exudates, excretions, secretions

exit pathway

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Chain of Infection

airborne, contact, droplet, vector, vehicle

Means of transmission

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Chain of Infection

body orifices, mucous membranes, broken skin

Entry pathway

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Chain of Infection

elderly, newborn, chronically ill, unvaccinated

susceptible host

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causative agent
pathogenic microbe responsible for causing an infection

infectious agent

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source of an infectious agent
place where the microbe could grow, survive and multiply

reservoir

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a way an infectious agent can leave a reservoir host

exit pathway

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5 means of transmission of disease

contact, droplets, airborne, vehicle, vector

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physical transfer of infective material from the source to the susceptible host through close or intimate contact

direct contact

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transfer of infective material vian an object, such as bed linend, instruments, furniture

indirect contact

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transfer of an infectious agent to the mucuous membranes of a susceptible individual via infectious droplets

droplet transmission

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difference between droplet and airborne in terms of transmission

droplet: coughing, talking, sneezing airborne: ventilation systems

transfer of infective material through contaminated items such as food or water

vehicle transmission

transmission by insect or animal vectors

vector-borne transmission

an infectious agent enters a susceptible host

entry pathway

someone who is prone to infection

susceptible host

give 3 ways on how to break the chain of infection

- stopping infections at the source - preventing contact with substances from exit pathways - eliminating means of transmission - blocking exposure to entry pathways - reducing or eliminating the susceptibility of potential hosts - effective hygiene procedure - good nutrition, adequate rest, reduction of stress - immunization against common pathogens - Proper decontamination of surfaces and instruments - Proper disposal of sharps and infectious waste - Use of PPE - Use of needle safety devices during blood collection

ways healthcare institutions break the chain

• Infection control programs • Insect and rodent control • Isolation procedures

4 functions of infection control program

1. to _protect_ patients, employees, and visitors from infection• 2. to _screen employees_ for infectious diseases and to require immunization when needed 3. to _provide evaluation and treatment_ to health workers who have been exposed to infections while performing their duty 4. to _monitor employees and patients_ who are at risk of infection and to collect data from patients and health workers who have been exposed to such danger

2 methods of handwashing and when are they used

routine handwashing - when hands are visisbly dirty hand antisepsis - when hands are not visisbly dirty

level 1 PPE

surgical mask

level 2 PPE

surgical mask, goggles or face shield, gown, gloves

LEVEL 3 PPE

N95 mask, goggles or face shield, gloves, surgical cap, scrub suits, gowns (or coveralls), shoe covers

LEVEL 4 PPE

N95 mask (or PAPR), goggles or face shield, double gloves,surgical cap, scrub suits, coveralls (Hazmat suit), dedicated shoes, shoe covers

DONNING OF PPE

1. gown 2. mask 3. goggles 4. gloves

DOFFING OF PPE

1. gloves 2. goggles 3. gown 4. mask/ respirator

true or false respirator must be removed inside the patient's room

false. should be outside

separates patients with certain transissible infectuons from contact with other patients and limit their contact with hospital personnel and visitors

isolation procedures

is used for patients who are highly susceptible to infections

protective (reverse) isolation

microorganisms in the human blood that are infectious and can cause human disease

blood-borne pathogens

common blood-borne pathogens

hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis D, Immunodeficiency virus

specifies precautions to use in caring for ALL patients regardless of diagnosis or presumed infection status

Standard Precautions

specifies precautions to use for patients either suspected or known to be infected with certain pathogens transmitted by airborne, droplet, or contact routes

Transmission-based precautions

- for patients diagnosed or suspected of a specific transmissible disease - Precautions based on whether the disease is transmitted by

transmission-based precautions

what to do? Caused by needletick or any sharp objects

1. Remove sharp or foreign object 2. Wash the site with soap and water for at least 30 seconds

what to do? through mucous membrane

1. Flush with water or saline for at least 10 minutes 2. Eyes: use eyewash station (remove contact lenses) 3. Report the incident to the immediate supervisor

any material that could be harmful to one's health

biohazard

- Safe handling of biological substances that pose a risk to health. - used to prevent and protect clinical laboratories from harmful incidents caused by laboratory specimens that are potential hazardous

biosafety

**Biohazard Exposure Routes** Aerosols and splashes can be created when specimens are centrifuged, when tube stoppers are removed, and when specimen aliquots are being prepared

Airborne

**Biohazard Exposure Routes** biohazards can be ingested if healthcare workers neglect to sanitize their hands before handling food

ingestion

**Biohazard Exposure Routes** through breaks or cuts in the skin

Non-intact skin

**Biohazard Exposure Routes** through the skin (intact) due to needlesticks and other sharp objects

Percutaneous

**Biohazard Exposure Routes** through mucus membranes; mouth, nose, eyes

permucosal

causes of fire in each classes

class a - ordinary combustile materials class b - flammable liquid and vapors class c - electrical equipment class d - combustible chemicals class k - cooking mats

an all-purpose fire extinguisher taht works on class A, B, and C fires. The extinguishing agent is a dry chemical

Class ABC

true or false: use water extinguisher on grease fires, electrical fires, or class d fires

false

it naturally occurs when the elements ae combined in the right mixture

fire

abnormal or profuse bleeding

hemorrhage

insufficient return of blood flow to the heart, resultingnin an inadequate supply of oxygen to all organs and tissues of the body.

shock

- emergency lifesaving procedure performed when the heart stops beating - aims to keep blood and oxygen flowing through the body when a person’s heart and breathing have stopped - can keep oxygenated blood flowing to the brain and other vital organs until more definitive medical treatment can restore a normal heart rhythm

CPR - Cardiopulmonary resuscitation